Indirect consequences of extreme weather and climate events and their associations with physical health in coastal Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Table 1 Basic characteristics of the respondents and their bivariable associations with severity of disease

Simple analysis		Severity of disease
Variable	Frequency^a	Severe disease	Moderate disease	No disease	p
Physical health	977 (100%)	204 (20.9%)	501 (51.3%)	272 (27.8%)
Sex					<0.001
Male	465 (47.6%)	86 (18.5%)	215 (46.2%)	164 (35.3%)
Female	512 (52.4%)	118 (23%)	286 (55.9%)	108 (21.1%)
Age					0.003
56 +	161 (16.5%)	38 (23.6%)	97 (60.2%)	26 (16.1%)
46–55	162 (16.6%)	38 (23.5%)	79 (48.8%)	45 (27.8%)
36–45	215 (22%)	56 (26%)	95 (44.2%)	64 (29.8%)
26–35	315 (32.2%)	54 (17.1%)	166 (52.7%)	95 (30.2%)
14–25	124 (12.7%)	18 (14.5%)	64 (51.6%)	42 (33.9%)
Educational level					<0.001
No education	113 (11.6%)	22 (19.5%)	67 (59.3%)	24 (21.2%)
1–5 years	526 (53.8%)	119 (22.6%)	280 (53.2%)	127 (24.1%)
6–10 years	289 (29.6%)	49 (17%)	141 (48.8%)	99 (34.3%)
11+ years	49 (5%)	14 (28.6%)	13 (26.5%)	22 (44.9%)
Main source of family income					0.035
Agriculture	114 (11.7%)	26 (22.8%)	54 (47.4%)	34 (29.8%)
Business	184 (18.8%)	43 (23.4%)	78 (42.4%)	63 (34.2%)
Public service	65 (6.7%)	16 (24.6%)	26 (40%)	23 (35.4%)
Day labor	353 (36.1%)	75 (21.2%)	196 (55.5%)	82 (23.2%)
Fishing	190 (19.4%)	30 (15.8%)	112 (58.9%)	48 (25.3%)
Others	71 (7.3%)	14 (19.7%)	35 (49.3%)	22 (31%)
Main source of drinking water					<0.001
Tube well	211 (22.2%)	62 (29.4%)	98 (46.4%)	51 (24.2%)
Pond/river/lake	103 (10.9%)	49 (47.6%)	28 (27.2%)	26 (25.2%)
Supply	635 (66.9%)	88 (13.9%)	367 (57.8%)	180 (28.3%)
Toilet facility					0.157
Slab toilet	858 (89.6%)	183 (21.3%)	436 (50.8%)	239 (27.9%)
Open latrine	35 (3.7%)	5 (14.3%)	25 (71.4%)	5 (14.3%)
Modern toilet	65 (6.8%)	12 (18.5%)	32 (49.2%)	21 (32.3%)
BMI					0.005
Underweight	243 (25%)	54 (22.2%)	132 (54.3%)	57 (23.5%)
Normal weight	575 (59.2%)	104 (18.1%)	292 (50.8%)	179 (31.1%)
Overweight	103 (10.6%)	26 (25.2%)	50 (48.5%)	27 (26.2%)
Obesity	51 (5.2%)	20 (39.2%)	22 (43.1%)	9 (17.6%)
Level of physical labor					0.088
Very high	351 (35.9%)	71 (20.2%)	183 (52.1%)	97 (27.6%)
High	274 (28%)	44 (16.1%)	141 (51.5%)	89 (32.5%)
So-so	320 (32.8%)	79 (24.7%)	163 (50.9%)	78 (24.4%)
Low	32 (3.3%)	10 (31.1%)	14 (43.8%)	8 (25%)
Smoking status					0.233
Yes	164 (16.8%)	27 (16.5%)	85 (51.8%)	52 (31.7%)
No	813 (82.3%)	177 (21.8%)	416 (51.2%)	220 (27.1%)

Bold p values mean statistically significant. ^aTotal frequency is not always 977 due to missing or small frequencies in some categories (excluded).

Table 2 Livelihood factors harmed by EWCE and their bivariable associations with severity of disease

Simple analysis		Severity of disease
Variable	Frequency^a	Severe disease	Moderate disease	No disease	p
Harm by salinity in land					0.011
Yes	707 (72.5%)	132 (18.7%)	375 (53%)	200 (28.3%)
Moderately yes	146 (15%)	46 (31.5%)	67 (45.9%)	33 (22.6%)
No	122 (12.5%)	25 (20.5%)	59 (48.4%)	38 (31.1%)
Harm by river erosion					<0.001
Yes	610 (62.4%)	112 (18.4%)	330 (54.1%)	168 (27.5%)
Moderately yes	114 (11.7%)	40 (35.1%)	60 (52.6%)	14 (12.3%)
No	253 (25.9%)	52 (20.6%)	111 (43.9%)	90 (35.6%)
Food scarcity in the past year					<0.001
Yes	452 (46.3%)	62 (13.7%)	284 (62.8%)	106 (23.5%)
Moderately yes	222 (22.7%)	71 (32%)	94 (42.3%)	57 (25.7%)
No	303 (31%)	71 (23.4%)	123 (40.6%)	109 (36%)

Bold p values mean statistically significant. ^aTotal frequency is not always 977 due to missing or small frequencies in some categories (excluded).

Table 3 Perception of changes in the livelihood factors due to EWCE-related consequences and their bivariable associations with severity of disease

Simple analysis		Severity of disease
Variable	Frequency^a	Severe disease	Moderate disease	No disease	p
Waterborne diseases					0.003
Increased	325 (33.3%)	55 (16.9%)	194 (59.7%)	76 (23.4%)
Decreased	429 (44%)	97 (22.6%)	195 (45.5%)	137 (31.9%)
Almost same	221 (22.7%)	52 (23.5%)	111 (50.2%)	58 (26.2%)
Water logging					0.019
Increased	502 (51.5%)	125 (24.9%)	248 (49.4%)	129 (25.7%)
Decreased	143 (14.7%)	26 (18.2%)	70 (49%)	47 (32.9%)
Almost same	330 (33.8%)	53 (16.1%)	183 (55.5%)	94 (28.5%)
Loss of houses and animals					0.018
Increased	536 (55.3%)	98 (18.3%)	271 (50.6%)	167 (31.2%)
Decreased	173 (17.8%)	39 (22.5%)	99 (57.2%)	35 (20.2%)
Almost same	261 (26.9%)	66 (25.3%)	126 (48.3%)	69 (26.4%)
Loss of agricultural fields					0.68
Increased	627 (65%)	124 (19.8%)	329 (52.5%)	174 (27.8%)
Decreased	106 (11%)	23 (21.7%)	53 (50%)	30 (28.3%)
Almost same	232 (24%)	56 (24.1%)	111 (47.8%)	65 (28%)
Social problems					0.002
Increased	398 (41%)	75 (18.8%)	226 (56.8%)	97 (24.4%)
Decreased	374 (38.5%)	70 (18.7%)	185 (49.5%)	119 (31.8%)
Almost same	199 (20.5%)	58 (29.1%)	86 (43.2%)	55 (27.6%)
Water sewage problems					0.455
Increased	300 (31.3%)	72 (24%)	153 (51%)	75 (25%)
Decreased	203 (21.1%)	43 (21.2%)	100 (49.3%)	60 (29.6%)
Almost same	461 (47.8%)	88 (19.1%)	238 (51.6%)	135 (29.3%)
Drinking water availability					0.003
Increased	214 (21.9%)	60 (28%)	112 (52.3%)	42 (19.6%)
Decreased	590 (60.4%)	104 (17.6%)	307 (52%)	179 (30.3%)
Almost same	173 (17.7%)	40 (23.1%)	82 (47.4%)	51 (29.5%)
Employment problems					<0.001
Increased	600 (62.4%)	154 (25.7%)	281 (46.8%)	165 (27.5%)
Decreased	183 (19%)	22 (12%)	99 (54.1%)	62 (33.9%)
Almost same	178 (18.5%)	26 (14.6%)	110 (61.8%)	42 (23.6%)
Sanitation problems					<0.001
Increased	117 (12%)	29 (24.8%)	67 (57.3%)	21 (17.9%)
Decreased	574 (58.9%)	120 (20.9%)	265 (46.2%)	189 (32.9%)
Almost same	284 (29.1%)	54 (19%)	168 (59.2%)	62 (21.8%)

Bold p values mean statistically significant. ^aTotal frequency is not always 977 due to missing or small frequencies in some categories (excluded).

Table 4 Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for severe diseases based on multivariable multinomial logistic regression (backward stepwise elimination method)

Associated factors	OR	95% CI
Age
56 +	4.14**	1.68	10.25
46–55	2.21	0.95	5.16
36–45	1.96	0.88	4.37
26–35	1.20	0.57	2.55
14–25	1
Sex
Female	3.46***	2.13	5.60
Male	1
Main source of drinking water
Tube well	2.39**	1.43	4.01
Pond/river/lake	4.26***	2.25	8.09
Supply water	1
Food scarcity in the past year
Yes	0.86	0.51	1.46
Moderately yes	1.98*	1.16	3.40
No	1
Harm by river erosion
Yes	1.34	0.82	2.20
Moderately yes	6.24***	2.76	14.11
No	1
Employment problems
Increased	2.19*	1.18	4.07
Decreased	0.82	0.38	1.78
Almost same	1

***p<0.001; **p<0.01; *p<0.05. Five variables were deleted automatically by backward stepwise procedure, 5 not shown due to insignificance.

Table 5 Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for moderate diseases based on multivariable multinomial logistic regression (backward stepwise elimination method)

Associated factors	OR	95% CI
Main source of family income
Agriculture	1.14	0.51	2.53
Business	1.42	0.67	3.00
Service	0.98	0.39	2.45
Day labor	2.06*	1.04	4.10
Fishing	2.12*	1.01	4.45
Others	1
Age
56 +	3.47**	1.71	7.03
46–55	1.45	0.75	2.78
36–45	1.26	0.68	2.34
26–35	1.04	0.60	1.80
14–25	1
Sex
Female	2.60***	1.76	3.84
Male	1
Educational level
No education	2.42	0.91	6.43
1–5 years	2.36*	1.01	5.51
6–10 years	1.95	0.84	4.51
11+ years	1
Sanitation problems
Increased	1.79	0.92	3.50
Decreased	0.56**	0.37	0.84
Almost same	1
Loss of houses and animals
Increased	0.92	0.61	1.38
Decreased	1.79*	1.04	3.10
Almost same	1
Food scarcity in the past year
Yes	1.75**	1.16	2.63
Moderately yes	1.32	0.83	2.11
No	1
Harm by river erosion
Yes	1.3	0.87	1.94
Moderately yes	2.65**	1.28	5.48
No	1
Employment problems
Increased	0.70	0.44	1.12
Decreased	0.47**	0.27	0.81
Almost same	1

***p<0.001; **p<0.01; *p<0.05. Five variables were deleted automatically by backward stepwise procedure, 2 not shown due to insignificance.