Assessing the relevance of indicators in tracking social determinants and progress toward equitable population health in Brazil

Figures & data

Fig. 1 Indicators and cluster domains according to the EQuAL framework. Source: Elaboration from (unpublished result).

Table 1 Indicators according to income quintiles (first the poorest, fifth the richest), rate differences, rate ratios and concentration index

	Income quintiles						Diff. First to	Ratio First/	Concentration index
	First	Second	Third	Fourth	Fifth	Total	fifth	Fifth	First to fifth
Environment quality: amenities, community, housing
% of hh using clean energy for cooking	88.4	95.3	95.9	98.3	99.4	95.7	−11.0	0.9	0.02
% hh without piped water	15.1	5.8	4.5	1.8	0.5	5.3	14.6	28.6	−0.48
% households without toilet	8.5	2.4	2.0	0.6	0.2	2.6	8.3	52.1	−0.54
% hh with inadequate sanitation	57.7	42.1	36.7	27.9	17.7	35.1	39.9	3.3	−0.21
% hh without garbage collection	27.5	12.8	10.8	5.1	2.2	11.2	25.4	12.8	−0.40
% hh without electricity	1.5	0.5	0.4	0.2	0.0	0.5	1.5	–	−0.51
% PHC users distant >1 km from health facility	42.4	37.8	37.8	36.5	36.9	38.3	5.5	1.1	−0.03
Mean time to reach health facility (in min)	59.1	51	38.1	39.9	38.1	45.4	21.0	1.6	−0.09
Accountability and inclusion: social capital and discrimination
Municipal Gini index	53.8	51.0	48.1	46.0	47.7	49.3	6.2	1.1	−0.03
% PHC users who received reply to complaint	58.7	60.4	60.8	63.5	68.2	62.1	−9.4	0.9	0.03
% of population perceiving discrimination	17.1	21.2	19.5	12.6	11.4	15.9	5.7	1.5	−0.10
% mothers under 20 years	54.1	49.6	45.9	43.3	45.6	48.7	8.5	1.2	−0.04
Livelihood and skills: education, income
% of mothers with children aged 0–15 completing secondary education	11.7	21.8	33.8	48.8	68.1	35.1	−56.3	0.2	0.30
Bolsa Familia Program coverage (%)	126.4	122.6	106.8	95.9	83.1	107.0	43.3	1.5	−0.10

Hh, household; PHC, primary healthcare.

All possible stratifications of the available indicators have been included in the table. When an indicator is not stratified according to a specific stratifier is because this information was not available.

Source: National Household Sample Survey (PNAD), Health Supplement of the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD), National Demographic Census, National Health Survey, National Program for Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Care, Mortality Information System, World Health Survey (2003).

Table 2 Indicators according to urbanization

	Urban	Rural	Total	Diff	Ratio
Municipal Gini index	47.9	50.7	49.3	−2.9	0.9
% of PHC users distant >1 km from health facility	36.2	48.7	39.74	−12.5	0.7
Mean time taken to reach health facility (in min)	41.1	63.7	45.4	−22.6	0.6
% Coverage of birth registration	98.5	96.7	97.2	1.8	1.0
% Population perceiving discrimination in healthcare facility	16.4	14.8	15.9	1.6	1.1
Bolsa Familia Program coverage (%)	110.8	103.1	107.0	−7.8	0.9

PHC, primary healthcare.

All possible stratifications of the available indicators have been included in the table. When an indicator is not stratified according to a specific stratifier is because this information was not available.

Source: National Household Sample Survey (PNAD), Health Supplement of the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD), National Demographic Census, National Health Survey, National Program for Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Care, Mortality Information System, World Health Survey (2003).

Fig. 2 Geographical patterns of poverty rate, illiteracy rate, and life expectancy in the year 2010 in Brazil. Source: Elaboration from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE).

Table 3 Indicators according to Brazilian administrative region

	Northeast	North	South	Central-West	Southeast	Brazil
Informal employment rate	58.5	58	31.6	36.3	30.6	40.5
% Coverage of birth registration	98.0	94.9	99.2	97.7	99.0	98.1
% Poor hh with at least one under-5	37.1	46.2	29.0	31.1	30.7	36.0
% Poor hh with at least one over 64	3.2	5.2	5.6	7.2	7.4	4.7

hh, household.

All possible stratifications of the available indicators have been included in the table. When an indicator is not stratified according to a specific stratifier is because this information was not available.

Source: National Household Sample Survey (PNAD), Health Supplement of the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD), National Demographic Census, National Health Survey, National Program for Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Care, Mortality Information System, World Health Survey (2003).

Table 4 Indicators according to race

	Indigenous	White	Black	Yellow	Brown
% mothers with children aged 0–15 years completing secondary education	21.8	42.2	33.5	55.0	28.3
% Feeling of unsafe during the night in neighbourhood	–	56.2	55.0	–	62.4
% mothers under 20 years	63.3	50.4	42.9	40.6	47.9

All possible stratifications of the available indicators have been included in the table. When an indicator is not stratified according to a specific stratifier is because this information was not available.

Source: National Household Sample Survey (PNAD), Health Supplement of the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD), National Demographic Census, National Health Survey, National Program for Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Care, Mortality Information System, World Health Survey (2003).

Table 5 Double stratification of indicators according to income quintiles (first the poorest, fifth the richest) and urbanization

	First		Second		Third		Fourth		Fifth
	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural
Municipal Gini index	51.8	54.1	50.4	51.3	47.5	48.7	45.7	46.7	48.4	45.5
(%) Bolsa Familia Program coverage	126.3	126.4	125.1	121.2	110.9	102.1	98.8	88.3	87.6	68.7

All possible stratifications of the available indicators have been included in the table. When an indicator is not stratified according to a specific stratifier is because this information was not available.

Source: National Household Sample Survey (PNAD), Health Supplement of the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD), National Demographic Census, National Health Survey, National Program for Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Care, Mortality Information System, World Health Survey (2003).