Use of modern contraceptives among married women in Vietnam: a multilevel analysis using the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2011) and the Vietnam Population and Housing Census (2009)

Figures & data

Fig. 1 Trends in contraceptive use across three rounds of MICS (2000, 2006 and 2011). Individual variables selected for inclusion in level 1 of the model included: current residence (urban vs. rural); ethnic group (Kinh group vs. other ethnic groups); women's education level (no school, primary school, lower secondary, upper secondary, and college/universities); number of living children (less than two; two children; three or more); having a living son; women's age (age group 15–19, 20–24, 25–29, 30–34, 35–39, 40–44, and 45–49 years); and SES (low, middle, and high).

Table 1 Descriptive analysis of individual variables

Variable		n	%
Ethnicity: Kinh		7,274	87.2
Residence: living in urban		2,436	29.2
	15–19	143	1.7
	20–24	828	9.9
Age	25–29	1,498	18.0
	30–34	1,643	19.7
	35–39	1,530	18.3
	40–44	1,456	17.5
	45–49	1,244	14.9
	No school	396	4.7
	Primary school	1,626	19.5
Education	Lower secondary school	3,739	44.8
	Upper secondary school	1,413	16.9
	College/university	1,167	14.1
Having any living son		5,975	71.6
	No child	537	6.5
Number of living children	1 child	1,977	23.7
	2 children	3,883	46.5
	3 children or more	1,944	23.3
	Any modern method	4,992	59.8
Use of contraceptive	Any traditional method	1,495	17.9
	Any method	6,487	77.8

Table 2 Descriptive analysis of provincial variables

Variables	n	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Standard deviation
Percentage of population aged five and over with no formal schooling	63	2.0	33.2	7.1	7.2
Percentage of population who had attained a minimum of college level education	63	1.1	13.2	3.1	2.2
Percentage of women aged 15–49 who had a third child	63	7.2	39.2	17.1	8.2
Total fertility rate	63	1.45	3.45	2.16	0.38
Income inequality (Q5/Q1)	63	5.06	9.18	6.81	0.93
Provincial poverty rate	63	0.5	58.2	18.8	11.4

Table 3 Final multilevel model for use of modern contraceptives among married women aged 15–49 years in Vietnam

Variable	Coefficient (standard error)	Odds ratio (95% CI)	p
Age 15–19	–	–	–
Age 20–24 versus 15–19	1.16 (0.28)	3.2 (1.8–5.5)	<0.01
Age 25–29 versus 15–19	1.50 (0.27)	4.5 (2.6–7.5)	<0.01
Age 30–34 versus 15–19	1.63 (0.28)	5.1 (2.9–8.9)	<0.01
Age 35–39 versus 15–19	1.38 (0.28)	4.0 (2.3–7.0)	<0.01
Age 40–44 versus 15–19	1.15 (0.28)	3.2 (1.8–5.4)	<0.01
Age 45–49 versus 15–19	0.56 (0.27)	1.7 (1.0–2.9)	0.05
Have no son	–	–	–
Any living son	0.36 (0.07)	1.4 (1.2–1.6)	<0.01
Have less than two children	–	–	–
Have 2 children	0.88 (0.06)	2.4 (2.1–2.7)	<0.01
Have ≥3 children	0.83 (0.09)	2.3 (1.9–2.7)	<0.01
Low SES	–	–	–
Middle SES	−0.12 (0.07)	0.9 (0.7–1.1)	0.07
High SES	−0.21 (0.08)	0.8 (0.7–0.9)	<0.01
Living in urban	–	–	–
Living in rural	−0.07 (0.06)	0.92 (0.8–1.1)	0.18
Women's education level: no school	–	–	–
Primary school	0.07 (0.12)	1.1 (0.9–1.4)	0.59
Lower secondary school	0.10 (0.12)	1.1 (0.9–1.4)	0.40
Upper secondary	0.16 (0.13)	1.2 (0.9–1.5)	0.23
College/universities	0.06 (0.13)	1.1 (0.8–1.4)	0.63
Kinh	–	–	–
Other ethnic groups	0.12 (0.08)	1.1 (0.94–1.3)	0.2
Interaction between high SES and provincial poverty rate	−0.013 (0.006)		0.04
Random intercept	0.22 (χ ^2=129.8, df=62, p<0.001)
Random slope of variable high SES	0.03 (χ ^2=95.5, df=661, p<0.001)

Fig. 2 Odd ratios for contraceptive use in high SES compared to low SES according to the provincial poverty rate.