Changes and socioeconomic factors associated with attitudes towards domestic violence among Vietnamese women aged 15–49: findings from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, 2006–2011

Figures & data

Table 1 Socioeconomic characteristics of the study sample of women aged 15–49, in the 2006 and 2011 MICS

	2006 (n=9,471)*			2011 (n=11,663)**
Characteristics	N	%	% weighted	N	%	% weighted
Age group***
15–19	1,851	19.5	18.8	1,769	15.2	14.6
19–29	2,587	27.3	26.7	3,418	29.3	29.3
30–39	2,491	26.3	26.5	3,379	29.0	29.8
40–49	2,542	26.8	28.0	3,097	26.6	26.3
Region***
Red River Delta	1,335	14.1	21.5	1,682	14.4	20.3
Northern Midland and Mountain areas	2,128	22.5	15.5	1,970	16.9	16.3
Northern Central area and Central Coastal area	2,250	23.8	21.3	1,868	16.0	20.8
Central Highlands	1,169	12.3	3.7	2,078	17.8	5.8
South East	1,357	14.3	17.2	2,116	18.1	17.8
Mekong River Delta	1,232	13.0	20.8	1,949	16.7	19
Area***
Urban	2,380	25.1	26.5	5,183	44.4	31.5
Rural	7,091	74.9	73.5	6,480	55.6	68.5
Education***
None	1,327	14.5	12.4	612	5.2	4.1
Primary	1,021	10.8	10.9	1,883	16.1	16.3
Lower secondary school	2,424	25.6	25.5	4,244	36.4	38.7
Upper secondary school	3,210	33.9	35.0	2,830	24.3	24.3
Tertiary	1,444	13.3	16.2	2,094	18.0	16.6
Marital status***
Married/in union	6,208	65.5	65.7	8,194	70.3	71.5
Formerly married/in union	367	3.9	3.9	510	4.4	4.1
Single/in union	2,896	30.6	30.4	2,959	25.4	24.4
Wealth index***
Poorest	3,157	33.3	28.2	4,039	33.3	33.7
Middle	3,157	33.3	35.6	4,039	33.3	33.6
Richest	3,157	33.3	36.2	4,037	33.3	32.7
Ethnicity***
Kinh/Hoa	7,302	77.1	84.8	9,836	84.3	86.1
Minorities	2,169	22.9	15.2	1,827	15.7	13.9

*Weighted data based on the Population and Housing Census 1999; **weighted data based on the Population Census 2009; ***chi-square test with p<0.001.

Fig. 1 Prevalence of acceptance of domestic violence by women aged 15–49, 2006 and 2011.

Fig. 2 Change in attitudes toward domestic violence by women aged 15–49, 2006 and 2011.

Table 2 Multivariate Poisson model of association between socioeconomic status and attitudes of acceptance of domestic violence by women aged 15–49, 2006 and 2011

	2006 (n=8,830)		2011 (n=11,049)
	Adjusted PR	95% CI	Adjusted PR	95% CI
Age group
15–19	1.00	–	1.00	–
19–29	0.94	0.88–1.02	0.91	0.82–1.00*
30–39	0.98	0.90–1.08	0.84	0.77–0.93**
40–49	0.99	0.89–1.09	0.88	0.77–1.01
Region
Red River Delta	1.00	–	1.00	–
Northern Midland and Mountain areas	0.96	0.87–1.07	1.31	1.17–1.47***
Northern Central area and Central Coastal area	1.18	0.97–1.43	1.43	1.36–1.52***
Central Highlands	0.94	0.86–1.04	1.12	1.03–1.22*
South East	0.74	0.55–0.98*	0.78	0.63–0.97*
Mekong River Delta	1.05	0.92–1.19	1.17	1.03–1.33*
Area
Urban	1.00	–	1.00	–
Rural	1.38	1.13–1.67**	1.00	0.88–1.13
Education^a
None or primary school	1.00	–	1.00	–
Lower secondary school	1.07	0.99–1.15	0.89	0.83–0.96**
Upper secondary school	0.98	0.89–1.09	0.69	0.65–0.75***
Tertiary	0.86	0.74–0.99*	0.43	0.36–0.51***
Marital status
Married/in union	1.00	–	1.00	–
Formerly married/in union	0.92	0.85–1.00	1.04	0.88–1.23
Single/in union	0.72	0.63–0.82***	0.93	0.83–1.04
Wealth index^a
Poorest	1.00	–	1.00	–
Middle	0.93	0.89–0.98**	0.97	0.89–1.04
Richest	0.77	0.70–0.85***	0.73	0.60–0.88**
Ethnicity
Kinh	1.00	–	1.00	–
Non-Kinh	0.88	0.82–0.95**	1.02	0.91–1.14

*Wald test with p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001; ^alinear test for trend across categories, p<0.01. PR, prevalence ratio; adjusted PR for all variables in the tables.

Fig. 3 Trend in changing attitudes toward domestic violence by women aged 15–49, 2006 and 2011. PR, prevalence ratio; time×age group, interaction term between time and age group; time×education, interaction term between time and education level.