Detection of pandemic strain of influenza virus (A/H1N1/pdm09) in pigs, West Africa: implications and considerations for prevention of future influenza pandemics at the source

Figures & data

Fig. 1 Map of Africa showing Nigeria and Ghana. (Inset) Locations of Ibadan, Nigeria, and Kumasi, Ghana.

Table 1 Extrapolated virus concentrations of positive samples

Location	S/no	Specimen identification	Concentration (pg/ml)
Ibadan
	1	IBD/Flu/Sw/13/002	787
	2	IBD/Flu/Sw/13/003	857
	3	IBD/Flu/Sw/13/012	935
	4	IBD/Flu/Sw/13/015	948
	5	IBD/Flu/Sw/14/023	202
	6	IBD/Flu/Sw/14/025	230
Kumasi
	1	KMS/Flu/Sw/14/003	238
	2	KMS/Flu/Sw/14/004	289
	3	KMS/Flu/Sw/14/010	484
	4	MS/Flu/Sw/14/030	279
	5	KMS/Flu/Sw/14/045	387

Fig. 2 Relationship between awareness of pig handlers about swine influenza and prevalence of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses in pigs.

Table 2 Levels of acceptance of key measures for prevention of reverse zoonotic transmission of influenza viruses

Preventive measures	Ibadan, Nigeria (%)	Kumasi, Ghana (%)
Regular hand washing with soap/detergent	24.4	25.0
Enforcement of sick leave for pig handlers	4.9	12.5
Controlled entrance of visitors to pig pens	12.2	25.0
Provision of farm boots and clothing for handlers and visitors	36.6	75.0
Restriction of handlers to specific units of farm	24.4	12.5
Training of pig handlers on recognition of signs of influenza in humans and pigs	12.2	37.5
Regular washing and/or disinfection of utensils and equipment	48.9	75.0