One Health stakeholder and institutional analysis in Kenya

Figures & data

Fig. 1 Conceptual framework for One Health (OH) institutional analysis.

Source: Adapted from Latour (28) and Young et al. (26).

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of RVF and OH stakeholders and coordination/cooperation structures. ALRMP, Arid Lands Resource Management Programme; APHIA II, AIDS, Population and Health Integrated Assistance Program; AU-IBAR, African Union Inter Bureau of Animal Resources; CBAHW, Community-Based Animal Health Workers; CDC, Centre for Disease Control and Prevention; CHW, Community Health Workers; DAO & DLPO, District Agriculture Officer & District Livestock Production Officer; DMO-MS/PHS, District Medical Officers, Medical Services/Public Health and Sanitation; DVO, District Veterinary Officer; DVS, Department of Veterinary Services; EAC, East African Community; FAO, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations; GF-TAD, Global Framework for Transboundary diseases; GLEWS, Global Early Warning System; IAWG, Interagency Working Group; ICIPE, International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology; ICPAC, IGAD Climate Predictions and Applications Centre; IGAD, Inter Governmental Authority on Development; ILRI, International Livestock Research Institute; IPR/NMK, Institute of Primate Research of the National Museums of Kenya; KALRO, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation; KEMRI, Kenya Medical Research Institute; KEVEVAPI, Kenya Veterinary Vaccines Production Institute; KLMC/DMLC, Kenya/District Livestock Marketing Council; KVB, Kenya Veterinary Board; MOH, Ministries in charge of Health; NGO, Non-Governmental Organisations; OHCEA, One Health Central and East Africa Network; OIE, World Organisation for Animal Health; PDMO-MS & PHS, Provincial Medical Officer Medical Services and Public Health and Sanitation; PDVS, Provincial Director of Veterinary Services; PSAHS, Private Sector Animal Health Service; PSPHS, Private Sector Public Health Service; UNHCR, United Nations High Commission for Refugees; UNICEF, United Nations Children Education Fund; WHO, World Health Organization; ZDU, Zoonotic Disease Unit; ZTWG, Zoonotic Technical Working Group.

Fig. 3 Sociograph of the Garissa County OH network. Key: square (public health), circle (animal health), and upward triangle (others). ALRMP, Arid Lands Resource Management Programme; APHIA, AIDS, Population and Health Integrated Assistance Program; CARE, CARE International in Kenya; CBAHW, Community-Based Animal Health Workers; CDC, Centre for Disease Control and Prevention; CHW, Community Health Workers; DANIDA, The Danish International Development Agency; DLPO, District Livestock Production Officers; DMOH-MS, District Medical Officers of Health Medical Services; DMOH-PHS, District Medical Officers of Health Public Health Services; DVO, District Veterinary Officers; FAO, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations; HHNGO, Human Health Non Governmental Organisation; KDLDP, Kenya Drylands Livestock Development Program; KLMC, Kenya Livestock Marketing Council; KWS, Kenya Wildlife Service; Ltrader, Livestock Trader; PDLP, Provincial Director of Livestock Production; PDPHS, Provincial Director of Public Health and Sanitation; PDMS, Provincial Director of Medical Services; PDVS, provincial Director of Veterinary Services; UNHCR, United Nations High Commission for Refugees; UNICEF, United Nations Children Education Fund; WHO, World Health Organization.

Table 1 Centrality statistics measures for Garissa County stakeholders

			Degree		Farness		Closeness
Acronym	Actor	Cluster coefficient	In	Out	In	Out	In	Out	Between	nBetween
UNHCR	United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	0.92 (36)	9	8	147	120	20	24	1	0.1
DANIDA	The Danish International Development Agency	0.84 (45)	10	9	137	110	21	26	14	2
CDC	Centre for Disease Control	0.80 (10)	5	3	151	132	20	22	0.2	0.03
PDMS	Provincial Director of Medical Services	0.78 (36)	9	9	147	121	20	24	5	1
PDPHS	Provincial Director of Public Health and Sanitation	0.78 (36)	9	9	147	119	20	24	6	1
HHNGO	Human Health NGOs	0.76 (55)	8	11	138	108	21	27	19	2
APHIA	AIDS, Population and Health Integrated Assistance Program	0.75 (55)	10	11	144	108	20	27	12	1
UNICEF	United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund	0.74 (55)	10	9	143	110	20	26	12	2
WHO	World Health Organisation	0.74 (55)	11	11	136	108	21	27	35	4
Local government		0.65 (10)	4	2	143	121	20	24	4	0.5
Councillors		0.57 (15)	3	3	146	126	20	23	3	0.4
KLMC	Kenya Livestock Marketing Council	0.55 (10)	4	3	144	123	20	24	17	2
CBAHW	Community-Based Animal Health Workers	0.55 (10)	3	4	153	122	19	24	4	1
Livestock traders		0.50 (6)	4	2	158	142	18	20	2	0.2
CHW	Community Health Workers	0.45 (28)	7	6	143	115	20	25	20	2
DMOH-PHS	District Medical Officer of Health – Public Health and Sanitation	0.43 (105)	12	15	132	102	22	28	74	9
DMOH-MS	District Medical Officer of Health – Medical Services	0.43 (105)	12	14	132	104	22	28	61	8
KDLDP	Kenya Drylands Livestock Development Program	0.43 (21)	6	5	140	117	21	25	31	4
Chief		0.41 (28)	7	6	140	110	21	26	34	4
DLPO	District Livestock Production Officer	0.37 (15)	4	4	146	122	20	24	26	3
CARE	CARE International in Kenya	0.35 (10)	3	4	147	116	20	25	6	1
ALRMP	Arid Lands Resource Management Project	0.28 (105)	14	13	129	101	23	29	259	32
DVO	District Veterinary Officer	0.24 (36^a)	7	8	139	113	21	26	84	10
Community		0.30 (78)	7	10	139	106	21	27	92	11
Milk traders		(0)	0	0	870	870	3	3	0	0
FAO	Food and Agriculture Organisation	(0)	0	0	870	870	3	3	0	0
KWS	Kenya Wildlife Service	(0)	1	1	154	127	19	22	0	0
Pharmacy/Agro Vets		(0)	1	1	164	132	17	22	0	0
PDVS	Provincial Director of Veterinary Services	(1)	1	2	164	137	18	21	3	0.4
PDLP	Provincial Director of Livestock Production	(1)	2	0	139	870	21	3	0	0
Mean, n=30			6 (3.9)	6 (4.4)	193 (181)	193 (226)	19 (4.3)	23 (7)	27 (50)	3.4 (6.2)

^aNumber in brackets refer to the number of pairs.

Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of national-level OH institutionalisation process in Kenya. HPAI, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza; RVF, Rift Valley Fever; ZDU, Zoonotic Disease Unit; ZTWF, Zoonotic Technical Working Group.

Fig. 5 Sociograph of the national-level actors: square (public health), circle (animal health), and upward triangle (others). AHNGOs, Animal Health Non Governmental Organisations; AU-IBAR, African Union Inter Bureau of Animal Resources; CDC, Centre for Disease Control and Prevention; DVS, Department of Veterinary Services; FAO, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations; HHNGO, Human Health Non Governmental Organisations; ICIPE, International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology; ILRI, International Livestock Research Institute; IPAR, Institute of Primate Research; KARI, Kenya Agriculture Research Institute (renamed Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation); KEMRI, Kenya Medical Research Institute; KMD, Kenya Meteorological Department; KWS, Kenya Wildlife Service; MOH, Ministries in charge of Health; NMK, National Museums of Kenya; OIE, World Organisation for Animal Health; UON-VS, University of Nairobi-Veterinary Services; UON-PHM, University of Nairobi – Public Health; WHO, World Health Organization.

Table 2 National OH actor–network centrality measures

			Degree		Farness		Closeness
Acronym	Actor	Cluster coefficient	In	Out	In	Out	In	Out	Between-ness	nBetween-ness
NGOs	Non-Governmental Organisations	0.95 (10^a)	15	13	42	59	44	33	0.8	0.3
OIE	World Organisation for Animal Health	0.7 (15)	25	32	39	48	46	38	2	0.6
AU-IBAR	African Union Interafrican Bureau of Animal Resources	0.66 (28)	29	37	38	46	47	39	6	2
UON-VS	University of Nairobi-Veterinary Services	0.63 (15)	25	23	34	50	53	36	7	2
NMK	National Museums of Kenya	0.58 (6)	14	8	34	81	53	22	1.4	0.5
FAO	Food and Agriculture Organisation	0.56 (55)	42	47	32	42	56	38	18	6
ICIPE	International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology	0.52 (28)	24	19	32	47	56	38	18	6
ICIPE	International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology	0.52 (28)	24	19	32	47	56	38	18	6
CDC	Centres of Diseases Control – Kenya	0.51 (36)	38	42	29	46	62	39	24	8
KWS	Kenya Wildlife Service	0.47 (78)	28	36	37	41	49	44	10.5	3
ILRI	International Livestock Research Institute	0.46 (66)	36	41	30	45	60	40	37	20
KEMRI	Kenya Medical Research Institute	0.44 (36)	34	34	31	47	58	38	17	5
MOH	Ministries in charge of Health	0.41 (45)	42	47	30	46	60	39	27	9
UON-PHM	University of Nairobi – Public Health	0.4 (10)	24	21	41	55	44	33	3	1
DVS	Department of Veterinary Services	0.37 (78)	53	52	27	40	67	45	61	20
WHO	World Health Organisation	0.32 (36)	38	32	30	51	60	35	44	14
IPR	Institute of Primate Research	0.25 (10)	23	15	36	65	50	28	20	6
KARI	Kenya Agriculture Research Institute	–	15	15	38	55	47	33	0	0
KMD	Kenya Meteorological Department	–	4	4	342	44	5	41	0	0
Mean number in brackets refer to standard deviation (n=19)			28 (12)	28 (14)	51 (69)	51 (9)	51 (13)	37 (6)	16 (17)	−5

^aNumber in brackets refers to the number of pairs.

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