One Health research and training and government support for One Health in South Asia

Figures & data

Table 1. Number of publications by zoonotic disease and country identified through searching all databases in Web of Science for the period 1996–2016

Search term	India	Bangladesh	Pakistan	Nepal	Sri Lanka	Afghanistan	Bhutan	Maldives	TOTAL
‘Visceral leishmaniasis’ or kala-azar	1,311	294	55	339	46	52	8	1	2,106
‘Japanese encephalitis’	658	40	28	88	54	2	2	1	873
‘rabies’	548	51	58	39	84	18	17	3	818
‘Cutaneous leishmaniasis’	292	35	158	43	73	162	2	0	765
‘Brucell*’ or Brucellosis	504	60	81	13	7	14	0	0	679
‘Avian influenza’ or H5N1 or H7N9 or H5N6 or H9N2 or ‘highly pathogenic avian influenza’ or HPAI	262	158	192	24	7	14	8	1	666
‘Leptospirosis’ or ‘Weil’s disease’	508	15	11	12	78	3	0	2	629
‘Porcine cysticercosis’ or ‘neurocysticercosis’ or ‘Taenia solium’	505	3	2	50	1	0	3	1	565
‘Echinococcosis’ or ‘hydatid disease’ or ‘hydatidosis’ or ‘echinococcal disease’	437	15	62	25	1	12	0	0	552
‘Plague’ or Yersinia pestis	364	64	72	20	7	18	5	1	551
‘Toxoplasm*’	292	16	56	21	15	4	0	0	404
‘Nipah virus’ or ‘Nipah encephalitis’	94	225	1	1	3	0	1	1	326
‘Tsutsugamushi’ or ‘Scrub typhus’	256	2	2	6	29	1	0	4	300
‘Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic fever’ or ‘Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic fever’ or ‘CCHF’	57	0	120	0	0	43	1	0	221
‘Anthrax’ or ‘Hide porter’s disease’	125	33	11	3	2	23	1	0	198
‘Bovine tuberculosis’	48	7	25	1	2	0	0	0	83
‘Q fever’ or Coxiella burnetti	25	5	2	2	3	19	1	1	58
Total	6,286	1,023	936	687	412	385	49	16	9,794

Table 2. Peer-reviewed papers categorised into One Health studies, One Health zoonotic disease reviews, and One Health commentary or perspectives, by country in South Asia, identified through a search of all databases in Web of Science

Country^a	OH studies^b	References	OH zoonotic disease reviews	References	OH commentary, perspectives	References
Afghanistan	2	(20, 21)	0		0
Bangladesh	4	(22, 23, 24, 25)	2	(26, 27)	2	(28, 29)
Bhutan	2	(30, 31)	0		0
India	5	(32, 33, 34, 35, 36)	5	(11, 4, 37–39)	5	(40, 41, 42, 43, 44)
Nepal	2	(45, 46)	3	(47, 48, 49)	0
Pakistan	4	(50, 51, 52, 53)	1	(54)	0
Sri Lanka	4	(55, 56, 57, 58)	0		0
South Asia			0		1	(19)

^aNo OH publications were identified from the Maldives.

^bIncludes studies conducted on both human and animal populations and studies conducted by multidisciplinary teams as determined from the author affiliations.

Table 3. One Health research programmes in South Asia

Project/programme title	National/partner institution	International partner	Funder	Diseases	References
Afghanistan
Assessment of programmes and policies on One Health in Afghanistan	HPRO	None	Relief International (EU – One Health in Asia Program)	OH	N/A
Knowledge, attitude, and practices of health-care providers in Afghanistan with respect to diagnosing and treating zoonoses	HPRO; Afghanistan National Public Health Institute (ANPHI); GDAH&P	Massey University	EU (One Health in Asia Program)	Brucellosis and Q fever	www.onehealthnetwork.asia/node/596
Zoonotic and transmissible diseases in livestock that potentially threaten unique wildlife species in the trans-boundary area between Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan (2012)	GDAH&P	Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS); University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan	American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS); USAID	Foot and mouth disease, glanders, brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis, Q fever, toxoplasmosis and bluetongue	N/A
CCHF in livestock, camels, and wildlife	GDAH&P, Ministry of Public Health (MOPH)	Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); World Health Organization (WHO); Relief International	N/A	CCHF in camels, livestock and wildlife	N/A
Bangladesh
OH research programme on emerging zoonoses in the poultry farming and trading system in Bangladesh under the Zoonoses and Emerging Livestock Systems (ZELS) programme	CVASU; FAO Bangladesh; DLS, Bangladesh; IEDCR; BLRI	Royal Veterinary College (RVC) and the London School of Health and Tropical Medicine (LSH&TM)	Department for International Development (DFID)	Avian Influenza	www.rvc.ac.uk/research/research-centres-and-facilities/veterinary-epidemiology-economics-and-public-health/projects/controlling-and-monitoring-emerging-zoonoses-in-the-poultry-farming-and-trading-system-in-bangladesh-an-interplay-between-pathogens-people-policy
Investigation of date palm sap collectors’ practices, ecological factors, and seroprevalence of antibodies to Nipah virus	IEDCR, CVASU, Bangladesh Forest Department	Massey University; Australian Animal Health Laboratory and	EU (One Health in Asia Program)	Nipah Virus	www.onehealthnetwork.asia/node/596
Biosecurity practices and the movement and contact patterns of commercial layer, commercial broiler, and backyard poultry	IEDCR, DLS, BLRI	Massey University	EU (One Health in Asia Program)	Avian Influenza	www.onehealthnetwork.asia/node/596
Improving food safety in Bangladesh	FAO, Directorate of General Health Services	N/A	Government of the Kingdom of Netherland	Foodborne illness	www.fao.org/in-action/food-safety-bangladesh/background/en/
Surveillance to detect and prevent the spillover of pathogens of pandemic potential in Bangladesh (PREDICT)	International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, Bangladesh); IEDCR; Bangladesh Forest Department; DLS; CVASU	University of California, Davis, USA	USAID	Multiple	www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/ohi/predict
Multidisciplinary Nipah research programme	IEDCR	ICDDR, Bangladesh; EcoHealth Alliance; CDC, University of Wisconsin and other groups	Multiple sources	Nipah	N/A
Bhutan
Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in cattle and humans	The National Centre for Animal Health (NCAH) and Royal Centre for Disease Control	WHO SEARO	SEARO	Leptospirosis	www.phls.gov.bt/web/risk-based-surveillance-of-leptospirosis-in-domestic-animal-human-interface-in-bhutan/
An evaluation of the effectiveness of OH collaboration in managing zoonotic diseases in Bhutan	Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Forest, Royal Government of Bhutan	Massey University	AHIF/World Bank	OH collaboration	www.onehealthnetwork.asia/sites/bhutan-oh-evaluation-project
Ecology of dog populations and human PEP usage – contributing towards rabies control policy in Bhutan	Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Forest, Royal Government of Bhutan	Massey University	AHIF/World Bank	Rabies	www.onehealthnetwork.asia/sites/bhutan-rabies-project
Descriptive epidemiology and risk factors for scrub typhus; zoonotic pathogens in rodents	Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Forest, Royal Government of Bhutan	Massey University	EU (One Health in Asia Program)	Scrub typhus	www.onehealthnetwork.asia/node/596
KAP studies of clinicians’ PEP usage in high and low rabies-risk areas of Bhutan relating to rabies control policy	Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Forest, Royal Government of Bhutan	Massey University	EU (One Health in Asia Program)	Rabies	www.onehealthnetwork.asia/node/596
India
Supporting and promoting integrated zoonotic disease prevention and control through a One Health approach	Road Map to Combat zoonotic Diseases, Public Health Foundation of India	N/A	N/A	Priority zoonotic diseases	www.zoonoses.phfi.org/
PERIMILK: Research Initiative on Peri-Urban Human-Animal-Environment Interface in India	Public Health Foundation, India	International Livestock Research Institute(ILRI)	IDRC, Canada	Multiple zoonotic pathogens, aflatoxins, pesticide residues, antibiotic resistance	www.perimilk.phfi.org/zoonoses-and-food-safety/
Multicentre study on Chrohn’s disease in India (2015–2018)	Multiple human and animal health institutions	N/A	ICMR	Crohn’s disease	www.dhr.gov.in/res_projects/2015-16.pdf
Microbiological and clinical evaluation of neurobrucellosis involving human and multiple domestic animal species (2014–2016)	The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI)	N/A	ICMR	Neurobrucellosis	N/A
Nepal
Zoonosis Control Project	Ministry of Agriculture Development (MOAD); Ministry of Health (MOH), Government of Nepal	N/A	World Bank	Priority zoonotic diseases	World Bank. 2014. Nepal – Zoonoses Control Project. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. www.documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/203131468059704553/Nepal-Zoonoses-Control-Project
Zoonotic risk factors for leptospirosis in Kaski District, Nepal	DAH, DLS; EDCD, DOHS; Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Pokhara; District Public Health Office, Pokhara; Heifer Project International; Child Health and Environment Safe Society; Walter Reed / AFRIMS Research Unit Nepal (WARUN)	Massey University	World Bank/AHIF	Leptospirosis	www.onehealthnetwork.asia/sites/nepal-leptospirosis-project
Contact networks and biosecurity practices associated with brucellosis transmission in cattle and buffalo and JE transmission in pigs	National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre (NZFHRC); DLS; DOHS	Massey University	EU (One Health in Asia Program)	Brucellosis and Japanese encephalitis (JE)	www.onehealthnetwork.asia/node/596
Emerging Pandemic Threat Program (PREDICT)	Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN); Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation; DAH, DLS; EDCD, DOHS	University of California-Davis	USAID	Pathogen discovery in wildlife species; interface between humans, livestock and wildlife	www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/ohi/predict
One Health Asia Program – Fighting zoonosis in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal	Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bio Resource (ANSAB); Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Nepal; DOHS; DLS	Relief International	N/A	Antibiotic resistance	N/A
Pakistan
Seroprevalence and risk factors for brucellosis and CCHF in people and their livestock	National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC); National Institute of Health (NIH), Department of Health (DOH); Livestock and Dairy Development (L&DD) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) and Baluchistan provinces	Massey University	AHIF/WB	Brucellosis and CCHF	www.onehealthnetwork.asia/sites/pakistan-cchf-project
Surveillance for brucellosis, CCHF, and avian influenza in 37 districts of Pakistan (FELTP-human and animal disease)	National Zoonoses and Surveillance Research Unit (NaZSRU), NARC	National Institute for Health	US government	Brucellosis, CCHF and avian influenza	www.agingportfolio.org/projects/search/?pid=1638508&fyear=&countries_ids=162&countries=Pakistan&aging=1&noparent=1&site=1
Zoonotic influenza and salmonellosis surveillance under Agriculture Linkage Program (2012–2016)	National Reference Laboratory for Poultry Diseases, NARC; Federal and Provincial laboratories	N/A	USA government	Influenza, salmonellosis	www.alp.gov.pk/about.html
Sri Lanka
Studies on leptospirosis in humans and animals in Sri Lanka	University of Peradeniya	Hokkaido University	N/A	Leptospirosis	(59–61)
OH study of leptospirosis	Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University, Sri Lanka	University of California, San Diego, USA; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru	US National Institute of Health	Leptospirosis	N/A
Wildlife human health net project building research capacity in wildlife and human health through producing knowledge on wildlife diseases, mobilising multisector capacity for safeguarding wildlife and public health, and sustaining local livelihoods	Department of Wildlife Conservation, Wildlife Department; Department of Animal Production and Health (DAPH); Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Peradeniya	Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre of Saskatchewan University and Canadian Centre for Coastal Health	IDRC, Canada	Wildlife diseases	www.idrc.ca/en/project/building-research-excellence-wildlife-and-human-health-sri-lanka
OH research into owned and Free roaming dog populations, leptospirosis in humans and animals, systematic review of policy-relevant brucellosis data	Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Health; Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture	Massey University	WB/AHIF	Rabies, leptospirosis, brucellosis	www.onehealthnetwork.asia/sites/sri-lanka-leptospirosis-project www.onehealthnetwork.asia/sites/sri-lanka-rabies-project www.onehealthnetwork.asia/sites/sri-lanka-brucellosis-project

N/A: Not available.

HPRO, Health Protection Research Organisation; GDAH&P, General Directorate of Animal Health and Production; USAID, United States Agency for International Development; CCHF, Congo haemorrhagic fever; CVASU, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University; DLS, Department of Livestock Services; IEDCR, Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research; BLRI, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute; SEARO, South East Asian Regional Office; AHIF, Avian and Human Influenza Facility; ICMR, Indian Council of Medical Research; DAH, Directorate of Animal Health; EDCD, Epidemiology and Disease Control Division; DOHS, Department of Health Services; PEP, post-exposure prophylaxis; IDRC, International Development Research Centre.

Table 4. One Health training programmes by country in South Asia identified through a Google search and the authors’ networks

Programme title	National institutions and partners	International partners	Funder	Programme description	Reference
Afghanistan
OH Master’s education and applied epidemiology training	Ministry of Public Health; Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock; Health Protection Research Organisation (HPRO)	Massey University	World Bank/AHIF and EU	Massey University provided OH Master’s degree education for 3 public health professionals (2010–2011) and applied epidemiology training through CIPs on brucellosis and Q fever involving 28 people (2012–2013), funded by the AHIF/World Bank. A second cohort of 3 public health, 2 domestic animal health, and 1 wildlife health professional is undertaking the 2-year OH Epidemiology Fellowship (2014–2016) including Master’s degree, CIPs, economic evaluation of zoonotic disease control policies, and development of a national language scenario-based training programme in zoonotic disease outbreak investigation, funded by the EU.	Integrating Education and Actin for One Health in South Asia www.onehealthnetwork.asia/node/596 Epidemiology Fellowship www.onehealthnetwork.asia/ohefp
One Health Asia Program-Fighting Zoonosis in Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Nepal	Afghanistan Bu Ali Rehabilitation and Aid Network	Relief International	EU	Providing training to CHWs and community-based organisations in recognition and reporting of zoonotic diseases in Mohmand Dara, Lal pur and Goshta districts, bordering Pakistan.	N/A
Bangladesh
OH Master’s education and applied epidemiology training	IEDCR; DLS; CVASU	Massey University	AHIF/WB and EU	OH Master’s education for 5 human and 7 animal health professionals (2010–2011) and applied epidemiology training through CIPs on anthrax and rabies PEP treatment involving ~1,500 people (2012–2013), funded by the World Bank/AHIF. A second cohort of 2 public health, 2 domestic animal, and 2 wildlife veterinarians is undertaking a 2-year OH Epidemiology Fellowship (2014–2016 as described above under Afghanistan.	Integrating Education and Actin for One Health in South Asia www.onehealthnetwork.asia/node/596 Epidemiology Fellowship www.onehealthnetwork.asia/ohefp
One Health Asia Program-Fighting Zoonosis in Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Nepal	None	Relief International	EU	Providing training to CHWs and community-based organisations in recognition and reporting of zoonotic diseases in Sirajganj, Pabna, and Lalmonirhat districts.	www.ri.org/programs/one-health-asia-program-bangladesh
FETP	IEDCR	CDC	CDC	In 2011, CDC designated Bangladesh as a CDC Global Disease Detection (GDD) Center for enhancing global health security for rapid detection and response to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases and hosts the 2-year intensive FETP program.	www.iedcr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=141:fetpbmain&catid=24:fetpb
OH MSc	CVASU			CVASU will establish a One Health Institute in 2017 which will include an OH MSc programme providing postgraduate veterinary and medical OH education.	N/A
Bhutan
OH Master’s education and applied epidemiology training	Department of Livestock; Department of Public Health; Bhutan Agriculture and Food Regulation Agency	Massey University	World Bank/AHIF and EU	Applied epidemiology training through CIPs evaluating OH collaboration and rabies-related dog population studies involving 60 people (2012–2013), funded by the AHIF/World Bank. A second cohort of 3 public health, 2 domestic animal health, and 1 wildlife health professional is undertaking the 2-year OH Epidemiology Fellowship (2014–2016) as described under Afghanistan and Bangladesh above.	Integrating Education and Actin for One Health in South Asia www.onehealthnetwork.asia/node/596 Epidemiology Fellowship www.onehealthnetwork.asia/ohefp
India
Postgraduate Diploma and a Postgraduate Certificate in OH	Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University	N/A	N/A	Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University established a Centre for OH Education, Advocacy, Research and Training (COHEART) in February 2014 and offers a Postgraduate Diploma and a Postgraduate Certificate in OH.	www.coheart.ac.in/
India Research Initiative on Peri-Urban Human-Animal Environment Interface (PERIMILK study)	Public Health Foundation, India	International Livestock Research Institute	IDRC, Canada	PERIMILK is a research capacity building programme that awards 8–10 Master’s and 1–2 PhD fellowships for OH research. The project aims to generate a stronger evidence-based cross-sector policy and local capacity for integrating public health, animal/livestock health, urban planning, local food production, and social development in selected peri-urban sites in India.	www.perimilk.phfi.org/zoonoses-and-food-safety/
OH Master’s education and applied epidemiology training	Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare; Ministry of Health and Family Welfare	Massey University	World Bank/AHIF	Provided OH Master’s education and applied epidemiology training to 8 human health and 13 animal health professionals in India in 2010–2012.	www.onehealthnetwork.asia/node/313
Nepal
OH Master’s education and applied epidemiology training	MOH; MOAD; Ministry of Livestock Development (MOLD); NZFHRC; AFU, Rampur, Chitwan	Massey University	World Bank/AHIF and EU	OH Master’s education for 5 human and 7 animal health professionals (2010–2011) and applied epidemiology training through CIP on leptospirosis involving 40 people (2012–2013), funded by the World Bank/AHIF. A second cohort of 2 public health, 2 domestic animal, and 2 wildlife veterinarians is undertaking a 2-year OH Epidemiology Fellowship (2014–2016) as described above under Afghanistan.	Integrating Education and Actin for One Health in South Asia www.onehealthnetwork.asia/node/596 Epidemiology Fellowship www.onehealthnetwork.asia/ohefp
One Health Asia Program- Fighting Zoonosis in Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Nepal	ANSAB, Relief International Nepal, AFU; DLS; DOHS	N/A	EU	Relief International, in partnership with ANSAB has trained 90 CHWs to facilitate early detection, reporting and control of zoonosis in coordination with District Health Office and Veterinary Offices. It is currently implemented in Chitwan, Rupendehi, and Banke districts. Collaborated with Agriculture & Forest University, Chitwan to develop zoonoses information resource centre and conducting research on zoonotic diseases.	N/A
Emerging Pandemic Threat Program- PREDICT	CMDN; MOH; MOLD; Dept of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation; Patan Academy of Health Sciences	University of California, Davis, USA; FAO	USAID	PREDICT trained 21 veterinary doctors, ecologists, laboratory personnel, and managers to enhance expertise in field surveillance, biosafety, animal capture and handling, laboratory diagnostics, and information management in Nepal.	www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/ohi/predict
Pakistan
OH Master’s education and applied epidemiology training	Ministry of Health; Ministry of Agriculture; National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC); National Institute of Health (NIH)	Massey University	World Bank/AHIF	OH Master’s education for 3 human and 5 animal health professionals (2010–2011) and applied epidemiology training through CIP on brucellosis and CCHF involving 40 people (2012–2013), funded by the World Bank/AHIF.	www.onehealthnetwork.asia/node/313
Pakistan – US Science and Technology Cooperation Program	Higher Education Commission, Pakistan	N/A	National Academies of Sciences (NAS) USA	Six fellowships have been provided for early to mid-career professionals from medical and veterinary faculties to undertake a 12-month OH research programme involving 5 months working at an affiliated mentor’s institution and the following 5 months continuing their research in Pakistan	www.sites.nationalacademies.org/PGA/pakistan/index.htm
The CDC-Pakistan Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program (FELTP) program	Ministry of Health; Ministry of Agriculture; NIH; NARC	N/A	USAID	On the job training to strengthen the capacity for the detection of zoonotic diseases involving the NIH, NARC, provincial Department of Health, departments and provincial L&DD departments through the FELTP.	www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/security/stories/disease-detectives-pakistan.html
Sri Lanka
OH Master’s education and applied epidemiology training	Ministry of Public Health and Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock	Massey University	World Bank/AHIF	OH Master’s education for 11 human and 10 animal health professionals (2010–2011) and applied epidemiology training through CIP on leptospirosis, rabies, and brucellosis involving 190 people (2012–2013).	www.onehealthnetwork.asia/node/313
OH research and training activities	University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka	University of California, Davis; Massey University	N/A	University of Peradeniya is actively engaged in OH research and training activities in collaboration with University of California, Davis, and the university is engaged in a veterinary education twinning programme with Massey University of New Zealand.	N/A
Postgraduate Diploma and Master’s degree in Applied Epidemiology	University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka	N/A	N/A	The degree has an OH focus. It was started with assistance of the AHIF/WB project to provide educational opportunities in Sri Lanka for veterinary and medical professionals to undertake a Master’s degree in epidemiology and is now self-sustaining.	www.pgis.lk/appepi.php

AHIF, Avian and Human Influenza Facility; EU, European Union; CIP, Collaborative Investigation Projects; CHWs, Community Health Workers; IEDCR, Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research; DLS, Department of Livestock Services; CVASU, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University; FETP, Field Epidemiology Training Programs; MOH, Ministry of Health; AFU, Agriculture and Forestry University; ANSAB, Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bio Resource; USAID, United States Agency for International Development.

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