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Original Research Articles

Liver biochemistry and associations with alcohol intake, hepatitis B virus infection and Inuit ethnicity: a population-based comparative epidemiological survey in Greenland and Denmark

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Article: 29528 | Received 25 Aug 2015, Accepted 14 Jan 2016, Published online: 26 Feb 2016

Figures & data

Fig. 1.  Flow chart for inclusion of Inuit and non-Inuit in Greenland and Inuit in Denmark. The study population comprised 577 Inuit living in Greenland or Denmark and 94 non-Inuit in Greenland aged 40–69 years, 1998 and 2006. *Of Inuit in Denmark 37 were aged 40 through 49 years.

Fig. 1.  Flow chart for inclusion of Inuit and non-Inuit in Greenland and Inuit in Denmark. The study population comprised 577 Inuit living in Greenland or Denmark and 94 non-Inuit in Greenland aged 40–69 years, 1998 and 2006. *Of Inuit in Denmark 37 were aged 40 through 49 years.

Fig. 2.  (a) Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), (b) gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), (c) alkaline phosphatase (ALP), (d) albumin, and (e) bilirubin in 252 Inuit (left) and 75 non-Inuit (right) men in Greenland by alcohol intake groups. Mean values are shown with 95% confidence intervals. P-values are for trends with increasing alcohol consumption. ns (non-significant) and U/L designate P>0.1 and Units/Litre.

Fig. 2.  (a) Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), (b) gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), (c) alkaline phosphatase (ALP), (d) albumin, and (e) bilirubin in 252 Inuit (left) and 75 non-Inuit (right) men in Greenland by alcohol intake groups. Mean values are shown with 95% confidence intervals. P-values are for trends with increasing alcohol consumption. ns (non-significant) and U/L designate P>0.1 and Units/Litre.

Fig. 3.  (a) Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and (b) gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) in 252 Inuit (left) and 75 non-Inuit (right) men in Greenland. Levels are given with BMI (upper panel), HBV exposure (middle panel) and frequency of intake of Inuit diet (lower panel). HBV exposure was classified as never exposed if all markers were negative, previously exposed if anti-HBs or anti-HBc were positive, and presently infected if HBsAg was positive. Mean values are shown with 95% confidence intervals. P-values are for trends with increasing BMI, HBV exposure or Greenlandic diet. Ns (non-significant) and U/L designate P>0.1 and Units/Litre.

Fig. 3.  (a) Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and (b) gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) in 252 Inuit (left) and 75 non-Inuit (right) men in Greenland. Levels are given with BMI (upper panel), HBV exposure (middle panel) and frequency of intake of Inuit diet (lower panel). HBV exposure was classified as never exposed if all markers were negative, previously exposed if anti-HBs or anti-HBc were positive, and presently infected if HBsAg was positive. Mean values are shown with 95% confidence intervals. P-values are for trends with increasing BMI, HBV exposure or Greenlandic diet. Ns (non-significant) and U/L designate P>0.1 and Units/Litre.

Table I. Characteristics of 634 study participants living in Greenland and Denmark, 1998 and 2006

Table II. Characteristics by alcohol intake of 540 Inuit in Greenland and Denmark and 94 Non-Inuit in Greenland aged 50–69 years, 1998 and 2006

Table III. Physical findings by alcohol intake among 577 Inuit in Greenland and Denmark and 94 Non-Inuit in Greenland aged 50–69 years (Inuit in Denmark aged 40–69 years), 1998 and 2006

Table IV. Factors associated with liver biochemistry in multivariate analyses among 441 Inuit and 94 Non-Inuit in Greenland aged 50–69 years in 1998