Impact of supragingival therapy on subgingival microbial profile in smokers versus non-smokers with severe chronic periodontitis

Figures & data

Table 1. Clinical and demographic characteristics of participants at baseline (mean±standard deviation)

Characteristics	Non-smokers (n = 10)	Smokers (n = 10)
Age (mean/range)	45.6±4.8	43.4±7.4
% males	50%	55.6%
FMPI (%)	79.7%±0.1	73.0%±0.2
FMBOP (%)	76.8%±0.1	78.0%±0.2
FMPPD (mm)	3.2±0.5	3.5±0.6
FMCAL (mm)	3.9±0.8	4.3±0.8
Tobacco exposure (number of cigarettes/day)	0±0	20.8±3.5*

Notes: FMPI, full mouth plaque index; FMBOP, full mouth bleeding on probing; FMPPD, full mouth periodontal probing depth; FMCAL, full mouth clinical attachment.

*Indicates intergroup difference by Student's t test, p<0.05. level.

Table 2. Clinical parameters in smokers and non-smokers, at baseline and after supragingival therapy (ST), at the selected sites

	Non-smokers		Smokers
	Baseline	After ST	Baseline	After ST
PI (%)	89.2±0.1	63.0±0.2*	89.2±0.1	68.3±0.2*
BoP (%)	96.0±0.1	91.1±0.1	91.7±0.1	84.2±0.1
PPD (mm)	4.9±0.2	4.3±0.6**	5.0±0.8	4.4±0.6**
CALr (mm)	8.6±1.1	8.3±1.1*	9.1±1.0	8.7±0.9*
GMP (mm)	3.7±1.1	4.0±1.1	4.1±0.6	4.3±0.5

Notes: ST, supragingival therapy; PI, plaque index; BoP, bleeding on probing; PPD, periodontal probing depth; CALr, clinical attachment level relative; GMP, gingival margin position.

Statistical difference between baseline and ST within groups (repeated measures ANOVA followed by Tukey test, *p<0.05, **p<0.01).

Table 3. Distribution by phylum (total number of clones) and culture condition (% of cultivated and not-yet-cultivated phylotypes) in smokers and non-smokers, at baseline and after supragingival therapy (ST)

	Non-smokers		Smokers
Phylum	Baseline	After ST	Baseline	After ST
Actinobacteria	3	4	1	3
Bacteroidetes	13	14	16	21
Firmicutes	27	24	22	19
Fusobacteria	6	4	11	6
Proteobacteria	8	12	6	5
Spirochaetes	11	6	8	9
Synergistetes	10	9	7	7
Total number of clones	78	73	71	70
% of cultivated*^†	61.5	77^#	36	40
% of not-yet-cultivated	38.5	23	64	60

Notes: ST, supragingival therapy.

*Indicates intergroup difference at baseline; ^†indicates intergroup difference after ST; ^#indicates intragroup difference (Chi-Square test, p<0.05).

Figure 1.  Distribution by genus (percent total clones) in smokers and non-smokers, at baseline and after supragingival therapy (ST). *Indicates intergroup differences at baseline; ^†indicates intergroup differences after ST; ^#indicates intragroup differences after ST (Chi-Square test, p<0.05).

Table 4. Top 20 most detected phylotype proportions (x value mean) in smokers and non-smokers, at baseline and after supragingival therapy

	Non-smokers		Smokers
Phylotype	Baseline	After ST	Baseline	After ST
Filifactoralocis	0.14	0.06^#	0.11	0.05^#
Tannerella forsythia	0.09	0.03#	0.09	0.06
Porphyromonas gingivalis	0.10	0.07	0.06	0.04
Eubacterium [XI][G-5] saphenum ∣ Oral Taxon 759	0.09	0.01#	0.07	0.05
Fusobacterium nucleatum ss.vincentii	0.01	0.00	0.05	0.01
Bacteroidetes [G-2] sp. ∣ Oral Taxon 274 ∣ Clone AU126*	0.00	0.00	0.03	0.04
Parvimonas micra	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02
Porphyromonas endodontalis Oral Clone BB134	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.04
Porphyromonas endodontalis Oral Clone P2PB_52	0.02	0.00#	0.03	0.03
Fusobacterium sp. Oral Clone FL002	0.01	0.00	0.03	0.01
Eubacterium [XI][G-3] brachy	0.03	0.01#	0.03	0.01
Peptostreptococcus stomatis	0.00	0.00	0.02	0.01
Synergistetes [G-3] sp. Oral Clone BH017^†	0.04	0.02	0.03	0.06#
Porphyromonas endodontalis Oral Clone AJ002^†	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.08#
Treponema sp. Oral Clone P4GB_42	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.01
Sphingomonas sp. Oral Taxon 006 ∣ Clone FI012	0.03	0.01	0.00	0.00
Streptococcus constellatus*	0.03	0.01	0.00	0.01
Eubacterium [11][G-6] nodatum Oral Taxon 694*	0.06	0.05	0.01	0.01
Fusobacterium naviforme	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.02
Treponema medium	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01

Notes: ST, supragingival therapy

*Indicates statistical difference between non-smokers and smokers at baseline; ^†indicates statistical difference between non-smokers and smokers after ST; ^#indicates statistical difference between baseline and after ST within group (Mann–Whitney and Wilcoxon tests, p<0.05).