Amelioration of lead-induced hepatotoxicity by Allium sativum extracts in Swiss albino mice

Figures & data

Table 1. Protective effect of garlic extracts on hepatic oxidative stress-related parameters and lead level in lead nitrate-exposed mice

Parameter	Control group	Treated mouse groups
	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4	Group 5	Group 6
LPO	110.07±1.37	177.29±1.98* (+61.0%)	145.42±1.56^a (−17.9%)	131.37±2.04^a (−25.9%)	140.77±1.17^a (−20.5%)	118.5±1.86^a (−33.1%)
SOD	1.13±0.03	0.74±0.10* (−34.5%)	0.83±0.01 (+12.1%)	0.97±0.02^b (+31.08%)	0.79±0.01 (+6.7%)	0.87±0.01 (+17.5%)
CAT	78.92±1.08	34.96±0.73* (−55.7%)	45.04±0.98^a (+30.3%)	65.65±1.04^a (+89.9%)	47.04±0.94^a (+36.1%)	70.55±1.11^a (+104.1%)
GSH	7.41±0.08	1.56±0.12* (−78.9%)	4.02±0.05^a (+157.6%)	5.91±0.06^a (+278.8%)	3.91±0.06^a (+150.6%)	6.45±0.14^a (+313.4%)
Lead level	0.053±0.007	3.84±0.28^* (+7145.2%)	2.38±0.21^a (−38.0%)	1.14±0.19^a (−70.3%)	2.36±0.32^a (−35.5%)	1.26±0.38^a (−67.18%)

Note: LPO, lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde formed in nmole/gm); SOD, superoxide dismutase (U/ml of tissue extract); CAT, catalase (µmoles of H₂O₂ degraded per min per mg protein); GSH, reduced glutathione (mg/g tissue); lead, (µg/gm wet tissue).Values are mean±SEM, n=12.

*p<0.001 compared to normal animals.

^a p<0.001 compared to lead nitrate-exposed animals.

^b p<0.01 compared to lead nitrate-exposed animals.

Table 2. Protective effect of garlic extract against lead nitrate-induced changes in some hepatic biochemical parameters in mice

Parameter	Control group	Treated mouse groups
	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4	Group 5	Group 6
AST	48.19±0.72	75.35±0.90* (+56.3%)	63.78±0.93^a (−15.3%)	54.98±1.21^a (−27.0%)	62.17±1.26^a (−17.4%)	53.49±1.45^a (−29.0%)
ALT	33.52±1.06	69.05±1.06* (+105.9%)	47.05±0.89^a (−31.8%)	42.34±0.91^a (−38.6%)	52.99±0.84^a (−23.2%)	40.7±0.85^a (−41.0%)
ACP	12.54±0.38	37.22±0.76* (+196.8%)	28.53±0.74^a (−23.3%)	17.97±0.48^a (−51.7%)	24.21±0.77^a (−34.9%)	16.31±0.41^a (−56.1%)
ALP	17.92±0.71	48.56±2.10* (+170.9%)	35.95±0.74^a (−25.9%)	31.79±1.05^a (−34.5%)	33.10±0.69^a (−31.8%)	26.94±1.18^a (−44.5%)
Protein	8.40±0.30	5.06±0.21* (−39.7%)	6.66±0.20^a (+31.6%)	7.85±0.20^a (+55.1%)	6.25±0.13^b (+23.5%)	7.56±0.18^a (+49.4%)
Cholesterol	24.15±0.54	55.88±1.02* (+131.3%)	44.27±1.01^a (−20.7%)	27.72±0.43^a (−50.3%)	37.07±0.52^a (−33.6%)	31.32±0.85^a (−43.9%)

Notes: AST, Aspartate transaminase (IU/L); ALAT, alanine transaminase (IU/L); ALP, alkaline phosphatase (µmoles of p-nitrophenol formed per min per g of tissue); ACP, acid phosphatase (µmoles of p-nitrophenol formed per min per g of tissue); protein (g/dl of tissue extract); cholesterol (mg/g tissue extract). Values are mean±SEM, n=12.

*p<0.001 compared to normal animals.

^a p<0.001 compared to lead nitrate-exposed animals.

^b p<0.02 compared to lead nitrate-exposed animals.

Figure 1.  Transverse section of the liver of a control mouse showing hepatic cords arranged radially around the central vein and normal hepatocytes with centrally located nuclei.

Figure 2.  Transverse section of the liver of a mouse treated with lead nitrate showing congestion of central vein, vacuolization, leucocytic infiltration, pyknotic nuclei, and loss of radial arrangement of hepatocytes.

Figure 3.  Liver section obtained from a mouse treated with lead nitrate followed by a low dose of garlic extract. Normal arrangement of hepatocytes is restored but a central vein is congested.

Figure 4.  Liver section obtained from a mouse after treatment with lead nitrate and garlic showing improvement of hepatic tissue.