Oral health in Libya: addressing the future challenges

Figures & data

Table

Author/s and year	Studied topic	Study	Characteristics and critical analysis	Findings and conclusions
Jaber (17)	Oral and maxillofacial oncology–salivary gland tumors	Cross-sectional observational	Prevalence study restricted to intraoral minor salivary gland tumors	Malignant minor salivary gland tumors were common
Fteita et al. (18)	Molar–incisor hypomineralization (MIH)	Cross-sectional observational	378 children were examined	None had hypoplasia and the MIH was rare in Benghazi
El Gehani et al. (19)	Odontogenic cysts	Cross-sectional observational	Retrospective study of 2,190 biopsies	Radicular cysts>dentigerous cysts>odontogenic keratocysts
Krishnan and El Sheikh (20)	Zygomatic fracture reduction	Hospital-based investigation. Cohort	25 patients with zygomatic fractures	Dental forceps can be used in zygomatic fracture reduction
Fanas et al. (21)	Periodontal epidemiology	Cross-sectional observational	2015: children of 7–16 years age	4.9% of the studied sample had periodontal pockets
Elarbi et al. (22)	Oral and maxillofacial oncology–orofacial tumors.	Cross-sectional descriptive	213: Children and adolescent patients	Benign tumors 89%>malignant tumors 3.7%
El-Fegh et al. (23)	Oral and maxillofacial radiology	Radiographic analysis – test of hypothesis	80 lateral skull X-rays were analyzed	Location of landmarks with accuracy using a work out procedure based on extracting features using facial profile of the lateral skull radiographs
El-Gehani et al. (24)	Oral and maxillofacial oncology–orofacial benign tumors	Cross-sectional observational	Retrospective analysis of 405 benign tumor case cohort	Most common was keratocystic odontogenic tumor
Elgehani and Orafi (25)	Oral and maxillofacial trauma–mandibular fractures	Historical cohort	493 patients with 666 mandibular fractures	Most common: Sex-Men Cause: Road traffic accidents Site: para symphysis
Krishnan et al. (26)	Oral and maxillofacial surgery–impacted tooth	Retrospective cohort	439 patients with 3rd molar extraction	Recurrent pericoronitis>pulpitis/dental caries>cyst/tumor>orthodontic reasons
Subhashraj et al. (27)	Oral and maxillofacial oncology–primary malignant tumors	Retrospective observational	196 studied cases	Common: Tumor: Squamous cell carcinoma Frequent type: Malignant non-odontogenic tumors Sex: Males
Gujjar and Indushekar (28)	Pediatric dentistry	In-vitro	Three different posts examined by mounting on 10 extracted primary molar teeth for tensile strength	Dislodging strength: Glass fiber posts>orthodontic gamma wire>composite posts
Elhadiry et al. (29)	Prosthodontics	In-vitro Laboratory case control	96 rectangular specimens made from heat-curing denture resin were divided into four groups with one being control and were tested to investigate the effect of cavity preparation on their flexural strength when repaired with a self-curing resin	Repaired heat-cured resin shows lower flexural strength
Byahatti and Ingafou (30)	Tooth loss	Cross-sectional	8,514 patients for extraction	Sex: Male>Female Etiology of extraction: caries>periodontal diseases>trauma>impaction> prosthodontics reasons
Huew et al. (31)	Dental cariology	Cross-sectional	Age: 12 years, 791 children DMFT, DMFS	Sex: Girls>Boys Prevalence: 57.8%
Huew et al. (32)	Dental erosion and diet	Cross-sectional	Age: 12 years, 791 children Dental erosion assessed using UK national diet and nutrition survey	40.8% had dental erosion 8% affecting dentine and 0.3% dental pulp Frequent fruit-based sugared drinks and retaining method of drinking; risk factor for dental erosion
Gujjar et al. (33)	Type I diabetes and gingivitis	Case control	Age: 2–15 years, 72 diabetic children/72 healthy children. Plaque and gingival indices	↑plaque levels and ↑gingival scores
Byahatti and Ingafou (34)	Impacted third molars	Cross-sectional	Age: 17–26 years, 100 males and 100 females, with no permanent extracted	5% – congenitally missing third molars. Horizontal impactions were least
Peeran et al. (35)	Periodontal epidemiology	Cross-sectional	Age: 35–54 years, 181 males, 266 females Interview and CPI	1.33% healthy, 12.17% had deep pockets, 8.84% men-current smokers, 23.85% did not brush their teeth. Urgent need for health care workers to impart better oral hygiene habits, High unmet treatment needs
Huew et al. (6)	Cariology, diet and dental erosion	Cross-sectional observational	Age: 12 years, 791 children Dental caries, erosion and diet were assessed	57.8% dental caries, 40.8% erosion ↑ fruit based sugared drinks leads to ↑ dental caries
Huew et al. (36)	Dental erosion	Cross-sectional observational	Age: 12 years, 791 children Clinical examination for dental erosion, UK national diet and nutrition survey	40.8%–dental erosion Prevalence: females>males
Huew et al. (37)	Dental health and nutrition	Cross-sectional observational	3-day food diary; age: 12 years old, 92 boys and 88 girls	Total sugar intake contributed 20.4% of total dietary intake. Acidic dietary intake: girls>boys
Peeran et al. (8)	Oral hygiene habits	Cross-sectional descriptive	2006 subjects; age: 1–64 years	8.6% never brushed their teeth or used a regular cleaning aid. Older population demonstrated poor oral hygiene habits
Peeran et al. (38)	Periodontal epidemiology	Cross-sectional observational	1,255 subjects; age: 18–34 years Interview and CPI	4.7% had healthy periodontium, 4.06% had deep pockets, 3.98% men were current smokers

Graph I.  Libyan dental faculties and oral health–related research.

Jaber MA. Intraoral minor salivary gland tumors: a review of 75 cases in a Libyan population. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006; 35: 150–4.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Fteita D, Ali A, Alaluusua S. Molar–incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in a group of school-aged children in Benghazi, Libya. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2006; 7: 92–5.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

El Gehani R, Krishnan B, Orafi H. The prevalence of inflammatory and developmental odontogenic cysts in a Libyan population. Libyan J Med. 2008; 3: 75–7.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Krishnan B, El Sheikh MH. Dental forceps reduction of depressed zygomatic arch fractures. J Craniofac Surg. 2008; 19: 782–4.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Fanas SH, Omer SM, Jaber M, Thomas S. The periodontal treatment needs of Libyan schoolchildren in Kufra and Tobruk. J Int Acad Periodontol. 2008; 10: 45–9.

 Google Scholar

Elarbi M, El-Gehani R, Subhashraj K, Orafi M. Orofacial tumors in Libyan children and adolescents. A descriptive study of 213 cases. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009; 73: 237–42.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

El-Fegh I, Galhood M, Sid-Ahmed M, Ahmadi M. Automated 2-D cephalometric analysis of X-ray by image registration approach based on least square approximator. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2008; 2008: 3949–52.

 Google Scholar

El-Gehani R, Orafi M, Elarbi M, Subhashraj K. Benign tumours of orofacial region at Benghazi, Libya: a study of 405 cases. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2009; 37: 370–5.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Elgehani RA, Orafi MI. Incidence of mandibular fractures in Eastern part of Libya. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2009; 14: 529–32.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Krishnan B, Sheikh MH, Rafa el- G, Orafi H. Indications for removal of impacted mandibular third molars: a single institutional experience in Libya. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2009; 8: 246–8.

 Google Scholar

Subhashraj K, Orafi M, Nair KV, El-Gehani R, Elarbi M. Primary malignant tumors of orofacial region at Benghazi, Libya: a 17 years review. Cancer Epidemiol. 2009; 33: 332–6.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Gujjar KR, Indushekar KR. Comparison of the retentive strength of 3 different posts in restoring badly broken primary maxillary incisors. J Dent Child (Chic). 2010; 77: 17–24.

 Google Scholar

Elhadiry SS, Yunus N, Ariffin YT. Effect of cavity preparation on the flexural strengths of acrylic resin repairs. J Appl Oral Sci. 2010; 18: 546–50.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Byahatti SM, Ingafou MS. Reasons for extraction in a group of Libyan patients. Int Dent J. 2011; 61: 199–203.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Huew R, Waterhouse PJ, Moynihan PJ, Maguire A. Prevalence and severity of dental caries in Libyan schoolchildren. Int Dent J. 2011; 61: 217–23.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Huew R, Waterhouse PJ, Moynihan PJ, Kometa S, Maguire A. Dental erosion and its association with diet in Libyan schoolchildren. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2011; 12: 234–40.

 Google Scholar

Gujjar KR, Khadija H, Suleiman MO, Amith HV. Gingival health status of 2- to 15-year-old Benghazi children with type-I diabetes mellitus. J Dent Child (Chic). 2011; 78: 96–101.

 Google Scholar

Byahatti S, Ingafou MS. Prevalence of eruption status of third molars in Libyan students. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2012; 9: 152–7.

 Google Scholar

Peeran SW, Singh AJ, Alagamuthu G, Peeran SA, Naveen Kumar PG. Periodontal status and risk factors among adults of Sebha City (Libya). Int J Dent. 2012; 2012: 787502.

 Google Scholar

Huew R, Waterhouse P, Moynihan P, Kometa S, Maguire A. Dental caries and its association with diet and dental erosion in Libyan schoolchildren. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2012; 22: 68–76.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Huew R, Waterhouse PJ, Moynihan PJ, Maguire A. Dental erosion among 12 year-old Libyan schoolchildren. Community Dent Health. 2012; 29: 279–83.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Huew R, Maguire A, Waterhouse P, Moynihan P. Nutrient intake and dietary patterns of relevance to dental health of 12-year-old Libyan children. Public Health Nutr. 2013; 3: 1–7.

 Google Scholar

Peeran SW, Singh AJ, Alagamuthu G, Abdalla KA, Naveen Kumar PG. Descriptive analysis of toothbrushing used as an aid for primary prevention: a population-based study in Sebha, Libya. Soc Work Public Health. 2013; 28: 575–82.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Peeran SW, Singh AJ, Alagamuthu G, Naveen Kumar PG. Periodontal status and its risk factors among young adults of the Sebha city (Libya). Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2013; 10: 533–8.

 Google Scholar