Intestinal cytochromes P450 regulating the intestinal microbiota and its probiotic profile

Figures & data

Fig. 1.  Distribution of P450 intestinal cytochromes (protein concentration of CYPs is determined in %). Sources: Collection of bibliographic information and data Ref. 3, 18, 21, 23.

Table 1. The gastrointestinal P450 sites

Enzyme P450	Tissue involved	Xenobiotic substances transformation	Metabolism of endogenous substrates	Metabolism of xenobiotic substances				Induction	Inhibition
CYP1B1	Intestine	•Herocyclic amines (charcoal meat) •Arylarenes •Nitroarenes	•Testosterone 6β, 16α-hydroxylation •17β-Estradiol-C4-hydroxylation	•7-Ethoxy-4-trifluoro methylcoumarin •Ethoxyresorufin
CYP2C8-10	Duodenum			•Phenytoin •Tolbutamide •Retinol	•S-methynytoin-4-hydroxylation •Retinoic acid			Rifampin	•Sulfaphenazol •Sulfinpyrazonee
CYP2C9	Small intestine (15%) mucosa			•Diclofenac •Flubiprofen •Mefenamic acid •Chloramphenicol	•Diflunisal •Hexobarbital	•Tolbutamide •S-warfarin-7-hydroxylation •Ibuprofen •Mefenamic acid		Rifampin	•Sulfaphenazole •Warfarin •Tolbutamide
				•S-methenytoin-4-hydroxylation		•Losartan	•Omeprazole
				•Phenytoin	•Naproxen	•Tolsemide	• Retinoids
CYP2D6	Duodenum	NNK		•Codeine	•Clozapine	•Dextromethorphan			•Quinidine
				•Bufarolol	•Metoprolol	•Ethylmorphine	•Flecainide		•Quinine
				•Amitriptyline	•Nortriptyline	•Propafenone	•Sparteine		•Fluoxetine
				•Deorisoquine	•Desipramine	•Perhexiline	•Perphenazine		•Norfluoxetine
				•Imipramine	•Odansetron	•Thioridazine	•Tramadol		•Paroxetine
				•Mexiletine	•Encainide	•Timolol
CYP3A4	•Small intestine mucosa (70%) •Neonates duodenum	•Acetaminophen •Aflatoxin B1 •Cyclophosphamide •Ifosfamide •Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodil	• testosterone 6β, 2β, 6α, 18, 16β, 15β-hydroxylation •Cortisol 6β hydroxylation, Androstenedione 6β-progesterone hydroxylation •17β-estradiol-2-hydroxylation	•Carbamazepine •Clozapine•Chloropromazine		•Trimethadione •Lidocaine	•Imiprimod •Lovastatin		•Erythromycin •Clarithromycin
				•Clarithromycin	•Erythromycin	•Indinavir	•Midazolam		•Gestodene
				•Alfentamil	•Antipyrine	•Nelfinavir	•Omeprazole		•Ketoconazole
				•Aminodarone	•Dapsone	•Nifedipine	•Tacrolimuns		•Midozolam
				•Cyclosporine A	•Diazepam	•Tomoxifen	•Terfenadine		•Clotrimazole
				•Dexamethazone	•Fluvastatin	•Paclitaxel	•Orphenadrine		•Oleandomycin
				•Diltiazem	•Ethinylestradiol	•Saquinavir	•Simvastatin		•TAO
				•Verapamil	•Zidovudine	•Retinoic acid	•Quinidine		•6,7-diOH-bergamottin
				•R-warfarin	•Triazolam	•Quinine	•Prednisone		•Naringenin
				•Temazepam	•Trimethoprim	•Proguanil
CYP3A5	Small intestine mucosa (70%)		•Testosterone 6β, 2β-hydroxylation	•Nifedipine •Midazolam				Dexamethasone Rifampin	•Erythromycin •TAO •Gestodene

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