Assessment in undergraduate medical education: a review of course exams

Figures & data

Fig. 1.  Example of coding form.

Table 1. Moore's Expanded Outcomes Framework

Outcomes framework	Description	Sources of data
Participation Level 1	Number of learners who participate in the educational activity	Attendance records
Satisfaction Level 2	Degree to which expectations of participants were met regarding the setting and delivery of the educational activity	Questionnaires/surveys completed by attendees after an educational activity
Learning: declarative knowledge Level 3a	The degree to which participants state what the educational activity intended them to know	Objective: pre- and post-tests of knowledge Subjective: Self-report of knowledge gain
Learning: procedural knowledge Level 3b	The degree to which participants state how to do what the educational activity intended them to know how to do	Objective: pre- and post-tests of knowledge Subjective: self-reported gain in knowledge (e.g. reflective journal)
Competence Level 4	The degree to which participants show in an educational setting how to do what the educational activity intended them to be able to do	Objective: observation in educational setting (e.g. online peer assessment and EHR chart stimulated recall.) Subjective: self-report of competence; intention to change
Performance Level 5	The degree to which participants do what the educational activity intended them to be able to do in their practices	Objective: observed performance in clinical setting; patient charts; administrative databases Subjective: self-report of performance
Patient health Level 6	The degree to which the health status of patients improves due to changes in the practice behavior of participants	Objective: health status measures recorded in patient charts or administrative databases Subjective: patient self-report of health status
Community health Level 7	The degree to which the health status of a community of patients changes due to changes in the practice behavior of participants	Objective: Epidemiological data and reports Subjective: Community self-report