Assessment of limits for racing speed in the Italian trotter population

Figures & data

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of best racing time (s/km, adjusted for the starting method) for the Italian Standard bred trotters by sex and birth-year.

Males	Birth-year	n	Average	SD	Min	Max
	1989	779	80.52	2.00	75.00	87.10
	1990	843	80.28	2.10	75.30	87.20
	1991	909	80.16	2.05	74.30	88.70
	1992	827	79.99	2.14	74.40	89.90
	1993	916	79.80	2.06	74.10	87.70
	1994	880	79.73	2.09	74.00	92.80
	1995	850	79.73	2.39	73.70	96.40
	1996	735	79.22	2.22	72.80	88.20
	1997	780	79.07	2.21	74.30	87.90
	1998	843	78.93	2.10	74.20	89.20
	1999	886	78.87	2.23	73.80	87.60
	2000	915	78.80	2.24	73.60	88.00
	2001	899	78.49	2.27	73.60	89.80
	2002	972	78.36	2.30	73.60	87.90
	2003	929	78.12	2.35	73.00	90.40
	2004	1004	77.92	2.18	72.90	90.20
Females	Birtd-year	n	Average	SD	Min	Max
	1989	655	80.87	1.98	75.60	91.70
	1990	785	80.84	2.07	75.00	89.90
	1991	831	80.74	2.15	75.30	91.70
	1992	949	80.44	2.00	74.80	87.60
	1993	954	80.29	1.89	76.00	89.60
	1994	969	80.32	1.98	75.10	89.90
	1995	1025	80.28	2.07	74.10	91.70
	1996	1025	80.00	2.17	74.90	92.60
	1997	1068	79.89	2.20	73.90	91.10
	1998	1090	79.77	2.15	74.70	88.10
	1999	1063	79.47	2.10	74.70	90.70
	2000	1249	79.32	2.18	74.30	91.20
	2001	1210	79.36	2.19	74.10	90.80
	2002	1281	79.11	2.28	73.40	88.90
	2003	1255	78.88	2.34	72.40	89.70
	2004	1211	78.56	2.18	72.90	87.00

SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Results of the empirical search for scaling factors, x, which result in normal distribution of yi=ln(k_i-x) according to skewness and kurtosis criteria in males.

x, sec	Skewness	Kurtosis
…
59	0.07053	0.09388
60	0.04751	0.08885
61.0	0.02153	0.08619
61.1	0.01875	0.08609
61.2	0.01593	0.08603
61.3	0.01307	0.08601
61.4	0.01017	0.08602
61.5	0.00723	0.08608
61.6	0.00425	0.08618
61.7	0.00123	0.08632
61.8	-0.00183	0.08651
61.9	-0.00493	0.08674
62.0	-0.00808	0.08703
…
69	-0.49261	0.69877
70	-0.72121	1.43757

Table 3 Results of the empirical search for scaling factors, x, which result in normal distribution of yi=ln(ki-x) according to skewness and kurtosis criteria in females.

x, sec	Skewness	Kurtosis
…
60	0.06528	0.29845
61	0.04466	0.29306
62	0.02165	0.28940
62.1	0.01920	0.28916
62.2	0.01672	0.28894
62.3	0.01421	0.28875
62.4	0.01167	0.28859
62.5	0.00910	0.28845
62.6	0.00650	0.28835
62.7	0.00387	0.28828
62.8	0.00120	0.28824
62.9	-0.00150	0.28823
63.0	-0.00423	0.28826
…
69	-0.27756	0.47313
70	-0.36708	0.61803

Figure 1 Observed (indicators) and predicted (lines) trends in the best average racing time records (s/km) in Italian Standard bred male trotters by birth-year.

Figure 2 Observed (indicators) and predicted (lines) trends in the best average racing times records (s/km) in Italian Standard bred female trotters by birth-year.