Histological alterations of intestinal villi and epithelial cells after feeding dietary sugar cane extract in piglets

Figures & data

Table 1 Feed ingredients and chemical composition of basal commercial pre-starter and starter mush diets of piglets.

Ingredients, %	Pre-starter°	Starter#
Animal feed	40.0	5.0
	(dried skimmilk and whey, fish meal,	fish meal, skim milk (dry whey)
	blood plasma)	(concentration whey protein)
Cereal grains	34.0	60.0
	(wheat flour, cooked corn,	cooked corn, corn, wheat flour
	bread crumbs, soybean flour)
Plant oil cake	3.0	19.0
	dehulled soybean oil cake	soy bean oil cake
	(soy bean oil cake)
	(corn germ meal)
Others	23.0	16.0
	tallow, cake waste, lactose, glucose, sugar,	cake waste, calcium carbonate,
	calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate,	salt, phosphoric acid calcium,
	lactic acid fermentation culture medium,	citric acid, lactic acid, silicic anhydride,
	bread yeast fermentation culture medium,	bentonite, stevia,
	aspergillus fermentation culture medium, diatomite,	licorice extraction (tallow)
	thaumatin, licorice extraction by-product,
	fructo-oligosaccharide syrup, egg white powder,
	enzymatic treatment palm seedcake, citric acid,
	lactic acid, light liquid paraffin, yeast for feed,
	licorice extraction, stevia, silicic anhydride, bentonite
Chemical components
Crude protein, %	22.0	17.0
Crude fibre, %	3.0	4.0
Crude fat, %	7.0	3.5
Crude ash, %	9.0	7.0
Calcium, %	0.8	0.55
Phosphorus, %	0.5	0.35
Total digestible nutrients, %	80.0	80.0
Digestible energy,
Mcal/kg	3.88	3.53

° Concentrate mixture including: avilamycin, 40 g titre/ton; citric acid morand teru, 30 g/ton; fumaric acid (as fumaric acid 0.09%); propionic acid (as propionic acid 0.002%); formic acid (as formic acid 0.0016%); vitamin A; vitamin D3; vitamin E; vitamin K3; vitamin C; vitamin B1; vitamin B2; vitamin B6; vitamin B12; pantoten acid; niacin; colin; folic acid; biotin; manganese sulfate; zinc sulfate; ferrous sulfate; copper sulfate; cobalt sulfate; iodine acid calcium; peptide manganese; peptide zinc; peptide copper; peptide iron; lysin; threonine; methionine; tryptophan; L-valine; L-arginine; ethoxyquin; Bacillus subcillis; sodium glutamate; saccharin sodium; protein splitting enzyme; amylolytic enzyme; fibre splitting enzyme; p-glucanase; flavoring agent; gluconic acid sodium.

# Concentrate mixture including: nosiheptide, 8 g titre/ton; colistin sulfate, 10 g titre/ton, citric acid morand teru, 30 g/ton; formic acid (as formic acid 0.0016%); fumarate (as fumaric acid 0.09%); propionate (as propionic acid 0.002%); vitamin A; vitamin D3; vitamin E; vitamin K3; vitamin B1; vitamin B2; vitamin B6; vitamin B12; vitamin C; pantothenic acid, niacin, colin; folic acid; biotin; manganese carbonate; zinc carbonate; ferrous sulfate; copper sulfate; cobalt sulfate; iodic acid calcium; methionine; lysin; threonine; phytase; Bacillus subcillis; saccharin sodium; flavoring agent; fibre splitting enzyme; amylolytic enzyme; protein splitting enzyme; p-glucanase, ethoxyquin.

Figure 1 Intestinal villus height, villus area, cell area and cell mitosis of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum in piglets fed a basal diet with 0% (control), 0.05% and 0.10% dietary sugar cane extract (SCE).

Figure 2 Duodenal villus apical surface of piglets fed a basal diet with 0% (control; A), 0.05% (B), and 0.10% (C) dietary sugar cane extract (SCE). Scale bar: 50 µm. Control has faintly protuberated cells (short arrows), but SCE groups have clearly protuberated cells (long arrows). In 0.05 % SCE group, deeper cells at the sites of recently exfoliated cells (stars) appear.

Figure 3 Jejunal villus apical surface of piglets fed a basal diet with 0% (control; A), 0.05% (B), and 0.10% (C) dietary sugar cane extract (SCE). Scale bar: 50 µm. Much more developed cell clusters (arrow heads) can be seen in 0.05% group that in 0.10% group.

Figure 4 Ileal villus apical surface of piglets fed a basal diet with 0% (control; A), 0.05% (B), and 0.10% (C) dietary sugar cane extract (SCE). Scale bar: 50 µm.