Palm Kernel Cake as a Potential Ingredient in Muscovy Ducks Diet

Figures & data

Table 1. Nutrient composition of the experimental diets and palm kernel cake.

	Control	PKC15	PKC35	PKC
Ingredients, %
Corn	65.66	53.44	36.92	-
PKC	-	15.00	35.00	-
Soybean meal	21.00	18.80	15.90	-
Fish meal	3.00	3.00	3.00	-
Wheat pollard	7.00	4.30	0.40	-
Palm oil	1.00	3.20	6.50	-
Salt	0.25	0.25	0.25	-
Premix°	0.10	0.01	0.01	-
Dicalcium phosphate	1.56	1.56	1.56	-
Limestone	0.35	0.34	0.33	-
DL-methionine	0.04	0.05	0.06	-
L-lysine	0.04	0.05	0.07	-
Calculated ME, kcal/kg	2981	2945	2920	1850
Analysed content
DM, %	88.87	90.75	91.47	90.87
CP, %	18.23	18.01	17.83	15.93
Ether extract, %	3.68	4.99	7.97	3.65
NDF, %	18.19	20.52	31.90	67.28
ADF, %	6.34	9.46	15.38	39.39
Hemicellulose, %	11.85	11.06	16.52	27.89
Lignin, %	1.22	2.34	3.57	13.86
Ash, %	8.38	6.64	6.85	5.08
Ca, %	1.59	1.41	1.56	0.27
P, %	0.88	0.87	0.81	0.48
Cu, mg/kg	12.08	11.32	12.70	23.57
Zn, mg/kg	75.25	69.42	71.37	54.18

PKC15, basal diet containing 15% PKC; PKC35, basal diet containing 35% PKC; PKC, palm kernel cake; ME, metabolisable energy; DM, dry matter; CP, crude protein; NDF, neutral detergent fibre; ADF, acid detergent fibre. °Vitamin mineral premix provided the following per kg of the diet: vitamin A (15,000 U), vitamin D₃ (2500 U), vitamin B₁ (1.5 mg), vitamin B₂ (6.25 mg), vitamin B₆ (3 mg), vitamin B₁₂, (0.12 μg), vitamin K (2.5 mg), pantothenic acid (12.5 mg), niacin, (1 mg), folic acid (1.2 mg), manganese (125 mg), zinc (75 mg), iron (50 mg), copper (8 mg), cobalt (0.12 μg), iodine (1.25 mg), and selenium (0.1 mg).

Table 2. Effects of feeding different levels of palm kernel cake on body weight, feed intake, weight gain and feed/gain of Muscovy ducks fed from 2^nd to 7^th week of age.

Item	BW,° g	Feed intake, g/bird	Weight gain, g	Feed/gain
Diet
Control	2583	5135^b	2140	2.42^b
PKC15	2573	5304^ab	2125	2.53^ab
PKC35	2633	5663^a	2186	2.63^a
SEM	88	174	85	0.06
Sex
Male	3074^a	6112^a	2578^a	2.37^b
Female	2119^b	4622^b	1723^b	2.68^a
SEM	51	100	49	0.04

BW, body weight; PKC15, basal diet containing 15% PKC; PKC35, basal diet containing 35% PKC; PKC, palm kernel cake. °Initial body weight on day 15 was 255±11 g.

^a,bMeans within the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05).

Table 3. Effects of different levels of palm kernel cake on apparent nutrients digestibility for Muscovy ducks during growing phase.

Item, %	Diet			Sex
	Control	PKC15	PKC35	SEM	Male	Female	SEM
DM	78.73^a	77.67^a	74.31^b	1.05	77.34	76.26	0.86
Gross energy	79.78^a	79.49^a	76.79^b	0.78	79.59	76.79	0.64
CP	76.78^a	74.21^a	68.54^b	1.30	74.88^a	71.47^b	1.06
NDF	51.93	51.69	55.78	1.63	53.59	52.68	1.33
ADF	36.00	38.35	44.48	2.51	38.44	40.78	2.05
Hemicellulose	60.46	63.11	66.30	3.49	65.08	61.50	2.85
Ca	48.50	49.05	46.73	2.10	52.69^a	43.49^b	1.72
P	50.49^a	47.77^a	41.99^b	1.19	46.17	47.34	0.97
Cu	31.23	27.69	25.66	2.48	29.97	26.41	2.03
Zn	27.08	30.07	25.99	1.40	35.69^a	19.75^b	1.15

PKC15, basal diet containing 15% PKC; PKC35, basal diet containing 35% PKC; PKC, palm kernel cake; DM, dry matter; CP, crude protein; NDF, neutral detergent fibre; ADF, acid detergent fibre.

^a,bMeans within the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05).

Table 4. Total faeces, dry faeces, water content of faeces and passage time of digesta in Muscovy ducks fed different levels of palm kernel cake.

Item	Total faeces, g/d	Dry faeces, g	Water content of faeces, %	Passage time, min
Diet
Control	197^b	37.3^b	80.98	248^a
PKC15	188^b	37.8^b	79.75	235^ab
PKC35	356^a	48.1^a	80.96	224^b
SEM	8.29	1.31	1.14	5
Sex
Male	243^a	46.9^a	80.39	250^a
Female	184^b	35.3^b	80.75	221^b
SEM	6.77	1.07	0.93	4

PKC15, basal diet containing 15% PKC; PKC35, basal diet containing 35% PKC; PKC, palm kernel cake.

^a,bMeans within the same column with different superscript are significantly different (P<0.05).