Effects of Oregano Essential Oil Supplementation to Diets of Broiler Chicks with Delayed Feeding After Hatching. Morphological Development of Small Intestine Segments

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredients and chemical composition of the control diet (as fed basis).

Ingredients, g/kg
Corn	510.00
Soybean meal (46% CP)	285.00
Fullfat soybean	140.00
Sunflower oil	24.90
Limestone	10.50
Dicalcium phosphate	20.50
Salt	3.50
Vitamin premix^°	2.50
Trace mineral premix^#	1.00
DL-methionine	2.10
Total	1000.00
Calculated chemical composition
Metabolisable energy, MJ/kg	12.99
Crude protein, %	23.00
Calcium, %	1.01
Phosphorus (available), %	0.45
Methionine, %	0.62
Met+Cys, %	0.94
Lysine, %	1.29
Analysed chemical composition, %
Dry matter	89.82
Crude protein	23.01
Crude fat	6.98
Crude fibre	3.96
Crude ash	1.96

CP, crude protein; Met, methionine; Cys, cysteine.

°Vitamin premix provided per kg of diet: trans-retinol, 3600 µg; cholecalciferol, 15.0 µg; α-tocopherol acetate, 50 mg; vitamin, K₃ 5 mg; vitamin, B₁ 3 mg; vitamin B₂, 6 mg; vitamin B₆, 5 mg; vitamin B₁₂, 0.03 mg; niacin, 25 mg; Ca-D-pantothenate, 12 mg; folic acid, 1 mg; D-biotin, 0.05 mg; apo-carotenoic acid ester, 2.5 mg; choline chloride, 400 mg.

^#Trace mineral premix provided the following (per kg diet): Mn, 80 mg; Fe, 60 mg; Zn, 60 mg; Cu, 5 mg; Co, 0.20 mg; I, 1 mg; Se, 0.15 mg.

Table 2. Effects of experimental treatments on the body weights (g) of broiler chicks on d initial, 3, 4 and 14.

DT	AT	Days
		Initial	3	4	14
CONT	0 h	37.6	65.66	72.47	252.27
24 h	37.2	57.71	64.94	227.44
48 h	37.0	45.24	52.76	217.30
72 h	37.5	30.09	42.63	213.26
OEO250	0 h	37.3	64.07	72.84	231.36
24 h	37.3	56.76	66.03	244.24
48 h	37.1	44.08	52.10	233.36
72 h	37.7	29.72	39.50	180.58
OEO500	0 h	37.1	63.13	69.95	230.00
24 h	37.0	56.04	63.85	212.12
48 h	37.2	42.04	50.84	209.24
72 h	37.6	30.15	42.27	206.05
DT	CONT		49.68	58.20	227.57
OO250		48.66	57.62	222.39
OO500		47.84	56.73	214.35
AT	0 h		64.29^a	71.75^a	237.88^a
24 h		56.84^b	64.94^b	227.93^a
48 h		43.79^c	51.90^c	219.97^ab
72 h		29.99^d	41.47^d	199.96^b
Pooled SEM		0.097	2.231	2.045	4.315
P
DT			ns	ns	ns
AT			**	**	**
DTxAT			ns	ns	ns

DT, dietary treatments; AT, accessing time to diet and water; CONT, not containing oregano essential oil; OEO250, oregano essential oil, 250 mg/kg; OEO500, oregano essential oil, 500 mg/kg; ns, not significant.

^a-dValues in the same column not sharing a common superscript differ significantly (**P≤0.01).

Table 3. The effects of dietary oregano essential oil supplementation to diets and delayed access to diet and water on relative weight (g/100 g) and relative length (cm/100 cm) of small intestine segments in broiler chicks on d 3, 4 and 14.

DT	AT	DRW			JRW			IRW			DRL			JRL			IRL
		3	4	14	3	4	14	3	4	14	3	4	14	3	4	14	3	4	14
CONT	0 h	2.40	2.07^Aab	1.72	2.95	2.89	1.95	2.27	2.47	1.50	21.8	20.1	9.02	46.6	44.2^Ba	17.4	46.9	37.5	18.6
24 h	2.14	2.40 ^ABa	1.60	3.13	3.05	2.18	2.42	2.72	1.75	23.9	23.6	9.26	48.5	43.9^Aa	19.0	47.0	46.3	19.1
48 h	1.50	2.03^Aab	1.60	2.45	3.57	2.30	2.18	2.68	1.56	27.4	28.3	9.06	44.4	47.3^Aa	20.4	47.3	58.9	19.7
72 h	1.22	1.51^Bb	1.80	2.28	2.69	2.21	2.04	2.55	1.79	26.7	27.2	8.96	59.2	53.4^Aa	18.8	46.5	54.7	19.5
OEO250	0 h	1.87	1.94^Ab	1.48	2.68	2.86	2.17	1.81	2.27	1.41	20.6	21.4	9.16	53.1	46.5^ABa	20.8	37.5	43.9	20.1
24 h	2.06	2.55^Aa	1.25	2.85	2.93	1.86	2.23	3.38	1.47	24.4	22.6	7.54	48.9	46.7^Aa	16.7	42.6	41.1	18.0
48 h	1.40	1.91^Ab	1.52	1.92	3.26	2.06	1.70	3.24	1.47	23.9	23.2	8.92	47.9	46.1^Aa	19.9	45.0	47.7	21.3
72 h	1.05	1.98^Ab	1.79	1.66	3.19	2.29	1.58	3.29	1.91	23.6	30.1	10.7	61.2	54.1^Aa	24.2	51.7	53.6	24.7
OEO500	0 h	2.33	2.07^Aa	1.42	2.99	3.12	2.10	2.55	2.39	1.32	21.1	23.3	8.86	53.3	53.0^Aa	20.5	47.9	45.2	21.3
24 h	2.05	1.92^Ba	1.42	2.94	2.63	2.02	2.26	2.27	1.47	22.6	22.3	9.27	55.9	48.1^Aab	20.8	47.9	48.7	21.4
48 h	1.40	2.26^Aa	1.49	2.93	3.31	1.87	2.14	2.52	1.46	22.0	25.3	9.30	49.7	50.8^Aa	20.9	45.0	46.4	21.6
72 h	1.81	1.31^Bb	1.94	2.23	2.35	2.29	2.27	2.86	1.87	30.7	24.8	13.0	54.1	36.8^Ab	26.3	56.7	56.1	26.8
DT	CONT	1.60	2.00	1.68	2.70	3.05	2.16	2.23	2.60	1.65	24.9	24.8	9.07	49.7	47.2	18.9	46.9	48.1	19.2^b
OO250	1.81	2.09	1.51	2.28	3.06	2.10	1.83	3.05	1.57	23.1	24.3	9.08	52.8	48.4	20.4	44.2	46.6	21.0^ab
OO500	1.90	1.89	1.57	2.77	2.86	2.07	2.30	2.51	1.53	24.1	23.9	10.1	53.3	47.2	22.1	49.3	49.1	22.8^a
AT	0 h	2.20^a	2.03^a	1.54^b	2.88	2.96	2.08	2.21	2.38	1.41^b	27.2^a	21.6^c	9.01^b	51.0	47.9	19.6^b	44.1	42.2^c	20.0^b
24 h	2.08^a	2.29^a	1.42^b	2.98	2.87	2.02	2.30	2.79	1.56^b	23.6^b	22.9^bc	8.69^b	51.1	46.2	18.8^b	45.8	45.4^bc	19.5^b
48 h	1.43^b	2.07^a	1.54^b	2.43	3.38	2.08	2.01	2.81	1.50^b	24.4^b	25.6^ab	9.09^b	47.3	48.1	20.4^ab	45.7	49.3^ab	20.9^ab
72 h	1.36^b	1.60^b	1.84^a	2.06	2.74	2.27	1.96	2.90	1.86^a	27.0^a	27.4^a	10.9^a	58.1	48.1	23.1^a	51.6	54.8^a	23.6^a
Pooled SEM		0.57	0.397	0.264	0.781	0.520	0.323	0.632	0.596	0.288	4.298	3.726	1.725	9.262	7.152	3.694	6.564	8.032	3.600
P
DT		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	*
AT		**	**	**	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	**	*	**	*	ns	ns	*	ns	**	*
DTxAT		ns	*	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	*	ns	ns	ns	ns

DT, dietary treatments; AT, accessing time to diet and water; DRW, duodenum relative weight; JRW, jejunum relative weight; IRW, ileum relative weight; DRL, duodenum relative length; JRL, jejunum relative length; IRL, ileum relative lenght; CONT, not containing oregano essential oil; OEO250, oregano essential oil, 250 mg/kg; OEO500, oregano essential oil, 500 mg/kg; ns, not significant.

^a-c,A-BValues in the same column not sharing a common superscript differ significantly (*P≤0.05 and **P≤0.01), with lowercase letters showing the interaction between dietary treatments and accessing time to diet and water, while uppercase letters showing the interaction between accessing time to diet and water and dietary treatments.

Table 4. The effects of dietary oregano essential oil supplementation to diets and delayed access to diet and water on the morphological development of small intestine segments in broiler chicks on d 14.

DT	AT	Duodenum			Jejunum			Ileum
		VH (µm)	VS (µm^2) x10^4	CD (µm)	VH (µm)	VS (µm^2) x10^4	CD (µm)	VH (µm)	VS (µm^2) x10^4	CD (µm)
CONT	0 h	1045^Aa	37.5^Aab	110^Bc	704^Ba	20.8^ABb	88.0^Bb	638^Ab	19.4^Ab	03^Ba
24 h	932^ABb	28.5^Bb	145^Aa	810^Ab	21.7^Ab	87.0^Ab	564^Ac	15.6^Bc	90^Ab
48 h	860^Bb	28.6^Bb	97.0^Cd	842^Ab	22.3^Ab	98.0^ABa	647^Ab	15.9^Cc	103^Aa
72 h	1106^Aa	43.6^Aa	125^Ab	820^Ab	26.8^Aa	105^Aa	698^Aa	21.5^Aa	112^Aa
OEO250	0 h	1057^Aa	35.5^Ab	128^Aa	790^Aa	22.3^Aa	98.0^Aab	592^Ba	17.2^Bb	111^Aa
24 h	995^Aa	31.5^Bc	118^Bb	712^Bb	22.6^Aa	88.0^Ac	591^Aa	18.7^Aa	92^Ac
48 h	1032^Aa	41.8^Aa	131^Aa	717^Bb	21.2^Aa	102^Aa	604^ABa	18.2^Bab	100^Ab
72 h	1034^ABa	36.3^ABb	117^Ab	697^Bb	20.8^Ba	93.0^Bab	512^Bb	14.6^Bc	87^B
OEO500	0 h	961B^a	35.0^Ab	119^ABa	750^ABa	19.3^Bb	99.0^Aa	609^ABa	17.2^Bb	96^Ca
24 h	865^Bb	43.4^Aa	99.0^Cc	789^Aa	23.3^Aa	88.0^Ab	395^Bc	9.58^Cd	79^Bc
48 h	1038^Aa	36.2^Ab	114^Bab	773^Ba	20.8^Ab	95.0^Ba	588^Ba	20.1^Aa	89^Bb
72 h	965^Ba	33.6^Bb	105^Bbc	773^Aa	20.2^Bb	97.0^ABa	525^Ab	15.0^Bc	86Bb
DT	CONT	986^ab	34.5	119^a	794^a	22.9	94.5	637^a	18.1^a	102^a
OO250	1030^a	36.3	124^a	729^b	21.7	95.3	575^b	17.2^b	97.5^b
OO500	957^b	37.1	109^b	771^a	20.9	94.8	529^c	15.5^c	87.5^c
SEM		16.850	9.900	1.581	10.384	3.965	1.287	7.068	2.337	1.186
AT	0 h	1021^ab	36.0	119	748	20.8	95.0^a	613^a	18.0^a	103^a
24 h	930^c	34.5	121	770	22.5	87.7^b	517^c	14.6^c	87^c
48 h	977^bc	35.5	114	777	21.4	98.3^a	613^a	18.1^a	97.3^b
72 h	1035^a	37.8	116	763	22.6	98.3^a	578^b	17.0^b	95^b
SEM		19.457	11.431	1.826	11.991	4.578	1.486	8.162	2.699	1.369
P
DT		*	ns	***	***	**	ns	***	***	***
AT		**	ns	ns	ns	*	***	***	***	***
DTxAT		***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***

DT, dietary treatments; AT, accessing time to diet and water; VH, villus height; VS, villus surface; CD, crypt depth; CONT, not containing oregano essential oil; OEO250, oregano essential oil, 250 mg/kg; OEO500, oregano essential oil, 500 mg/kg; ns, not significant.

^a-d,A-CValues in the same column not sharing a common superscript differ significantly (*P≤0.05; **P≤0.01; ***P≤0.001), with lowercase letters showing the interaction between dietary treatments and accessing time to diet and water, while uppercase letters showing the interaction between accessing time to diet and water and dietary treatments.