The Relationship Between Guanidino Acetic Acid and Metabolisable Energy Level of Diets on Performance of Broiler Chickens

Figures & data

Table 1. Composition of experimental starter diets fed to broilers from 1 to 10 days.

	Control group				CreAMINO® group
	Low ME			Normal ME	Low ME			Normal ME
	75 kcal	50 kcal	25 kcal		75 kcal	50 kcal	25 kcal
ME group	2925	2950	2975	3000	2925	2950	2950	3000
Ingredients, %
Corn	65.13	64.57	64.02	63.46	65.04	64.49	63.93	63.38
Soybean meal	30.86	30.96	31.05	31.15	30.87	30.97	31.07	31.17
Dicalcium phosphate	1.96	1.96	1.96	1.96	1.96	1.96	1.96	1.97
Calcium carbonate	0.73	0.73	0.73	0.73	0.73	0.73	0.73	0.73
D-L methionine 99%	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.26	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.26
Salt	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Soy oil	0.20	0.66	1.12	1.57	0.21	0.67	1.13	1.58
L-lysine	0.18	0.18	0.18	0.18	0.18	0.18	0.18	0.18
Vitamin-mineral premix^°	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20
Sodium bicarbonate	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12
L-threonine	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07
Choline chloride 60	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05
CreAMINO®	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.06
Determined chemical composition, %
Crude protein	20.73	21.07	20.45	20.44	19.51	19.21	20.52	22.40
Methionine	0.55	0.49	0.54	0.54	0.53	0.47	0.56	0.65
Cysteine	0.36	0.36	0.35	0.35	0.34	0.33	0.35	0.37
Lysine	0.91	0.84	0.88	0.88	0.87	0.80	0.91	1.10
Methionine+cysteine	0.91	0.84	0.88	0.88	0.87	0.80	0.91	1.01
Arginine	1.37	1.37	1.34	1.33	1.27	1.23	1.34	1.46
Threonine	0.85	0.87	0.82	0.83	0.78	0.78	0.85	0.93
Leucine	1.79	1.82	1.76	1.74	1.68	1.68	1.74	1.83
Isoleucine	0.85	0.86	0.84	0.84	0.79	0.77	0.81	0.90
Valine	0.99	0.99	0.97	0.97	0.92	0.90	0.94	1.02
Histidine	0.55	0.55	0.53	0.53	0.51	0.50	0.53	0.57
Phenylalanine	1.03	1.04	1.01	1.00	0.96	0.94	1.00	1.08
Glycine	0.85	0.85	0.82	0.82	0.79	0.77	0.83	0.90

ME, metabolisable energy.

°Vitamin-mineral premix contains the following per kg: vitamin A, 10,000,000 U; vitamin D₃, 5,000,000 U; vitamin E, 50,000 mg; vitamin K₃, 3000 mg; vitamin B₁, 2000 mg; vitamin B₂, 6000 mg; vitamin B₃, 60,000 mg; vitamin B₅, 15,000 mg; vitamin B₆, 3000 mg; vitamin B₉, 2000 mg; vitamin B₁₂, 16,000 meq; biotin, 200,000 meq; antioxidant, 25,000 mg; copper, 2000 mg; iodine, 1250 mg; iron, 40,000 mg; manganese, 120,000 mg; selenium, 40 mg; zinc, 120,000 mg.

Table 2. Composition of experimental grower diets fed to broilers from 11 to 22 days.

	Control group				CreAMINO^® group
	Low ME			Normal ME	Low ME			Normal ME
	75 kcal	50 kcal	25 kcal		75 kcal	50 kcal	25 kcal
ME group	3000	3025	3050	3075	3000	3025	3050	3075
Ingredients, %
Corn	68.70	68.15	67.59	67.04	68.62	68.06	67.51	66.95
Soybean meal	26.88	26.98	27.08	27.18	26.90	26.99	27.09	27.19
Dicalcium phosphate	1.95	1.95	1.95	1.95	1.95	1.95	1.95	1.95
Calcium carbonate	0.76	1.22	1.68	2.13	0.77	1.23	1.69	2.14
D-L methionine 99%	0.64	0.64	0.64	0.64	0.64	0.64	0.64	0.64
Salt	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.26	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.26
Soy oil	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
L-lysine	0.18	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.18	0.17	0.17	0.17
Vitamin-mineral premix^°	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15
Sodium bicarbonate	0.11	0.11	0.11	0.11	0.11	0.11	0.11	0.11
L-threonine	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08
Choline chloride 60	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04
CreAMINO®	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.06
Determined chemical composition, %
Dry matter	88.00	88.00	88.00	88.00	88.00	88.00	88.00	88.00
Crude protein	18.96	19.36	19.72	19.03	18.66	19.65	17.94	19.64
Methionine	0.49	0.50	0.52	0.59	0.53	0.53	0.42	0.54
Cysteine	0.33	0.34	0.33	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.30	0.33
Lysine	1.09	1.15	1.10	1.12	1.10	1.11	0.92	1.15
Methionine+cysteine	0.82	0.84	0.86	0.90	0.85	0.86	0.72	0.87
Arginine	1.21	1.29	1.24	1.19	1.18	1.23	1.05	1.25
Threonine	0.85	0.87	0.82	0.83	0.78	0.78	0.85	0.93
Leucine	1.64	1.68	1.69	1.63	1.64	1.69	1.52	1.63
Isoleucine	0.76	0.79	0.79	0.74	0.76	0.78	0.66	0.77
Valine	0.88	0.92	0.91	0.86	0.89	0.91	0.78	0.89
Histidine	0.50	0.52	0.50	0.49	0.49	0.50	0.44	0.50
Phenylalanine	0.93	0.96	0.96	0.91	0.91	0.95	0.83	0.93
Glycine	0.76	0.79	0.77	0.75	0.75	0.76	0.66	0.77

ME, metabolisable energy.

°Vitamin-mineral premix contains the following per kg: vitamin A, 10,000,000 U; vitamin D3, 5,000,000 U; vitamin E, 50,000 mg; vitamin K3, 3000 mg; vitamin Bi, 2000 mg; vitamin B2, 6000 mg; vitamin B3, 60,000 mg; vitamin B5, 15,000 mg; vitamin B6, 3000 mg; vitamin B9, 2000 mg; vitamin B12, 16,000 meq; biotin, 200,000 meq; antioxidant, 25,000 mg; copper, 2000 mg; iodine, 1250 mg; iron, 40,000 mg; manganese, 120,000 mg; selenium, 40 mg; zinc, 120,000 mg.

Table 3. Composition of experimental finisher diets fed to broilers from 23 to 35 days.

	Control group				CreAMINO® group
	Low ME			Normal ME	Low ME			Normal ME
	75 kcal	50 kcal	25 kcal		75 kcal	50 kcal	25 kcal
ME group	3075	3100	3125	3150	3075	3100	3125	3150
Ingredients, %
Corn	72.42	71.86	71.31	70.75	72.33	71.78	71.22	70.66
Soybean meal	22.77	22.87	22.97	23.06	22.78	22.88	22.98	23.08
Dicalcium phosphate	1.86	1.86	1.86	1.86	1.86	1.86	1.86	1.86
Calcium carbonate	0.60	0.60	0.60	0.60	0.60	0.60	0.609	0.60
D-L methionine 99%	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Salt	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.26	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.26
Soy oil	1.29	1.75	2.21	2.66	1.30	1.76	2.22	2.67
L-lysine	0.18	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.18	0.17	0.17	0.17
Vitamin-mineral premix^°	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15
Sodium bicarbonate	0.11	0.11	0.11	0.11	0.11	0.11	0.11	0.11
L-threonine	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09
Choline chloride 60	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04
CreAMINO®	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.06
Determined chemical composition, %
Dry matter	88.00	88.00	88.00	88.00	88.00	88.00	88.00	88.00
Crude protein	16.51	16.96	16.54	16.14	16.96	19.72	16.64	17.89
Methionine	0.39	0.47	0.43	0.43	0.43	0.67	0.42	0.52
Cysteine	0.31	0.30	0.30	0.29	0.30	0.33	0.30	0.31
Lysine	0.89	0.94	0.90	0.88	0.92	1.20	0.91	1.05
Methionine+cysteine	0.70	0.77	0.72	0.72	0.73	1.00	0.71	0.83
Arginine	1.02	1.05	1.00	0.97	1.02	1.25	1.01	1.11
Threonine	0.65	0.69	0.66	0.66	0.66	0.83	0.66	0.74
Leucine	1.47	1.46	1.48	1.44	1.48	1.59	1.47	1.53
Isoleucine	0.62	0.64	0.64	0.61	0.65	0.75	0.64	0.70
Valine	0.75	0.77	0.75	0.73	0.77	0.89	0.78	0.83
Histidine	0.44	0.44	0.43	0.42	0.44	0.50	0.43	0.46
Phenylalanine	0.79	0.80	0.79	0.77	0.80	0.91	0.78	0.84
Glycine	0.65	0.65	0.63	0.62	0.65	0.77	0.64	0.70

ME, metabolisable energy.

°Vitamin-mineral premix contains the following per kg: vitamin A, 10,000,000 U; vitamin D3, 5,000,000 U; vitamin E, 50,000 mg; vitamin K3, 3000 mg; vitamin Bi, 2000 mg; vitamin B2, 6000 mg; vitamin B3, 60,000 mg; vitamin B5, 15,000 mg; vitamin B6, 3000 mg; vitamin B9, 2000 mg; vitamin B12, 16,000 meq; biotin, 200,000 meq; antioxidant, 25,000 mg; copper, 2000 mg; iodine, 1250 mg; iron, 40,000 mg; manganese, 120,000 mg; selenium, 40 mg; zinc, 120,000 mg.

Table 4. Feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens given experimental diets at 10 d (0-10 d).

	CreAmino, %	Energy, kcal/kg	Fl, g	BWG, g	FCR, g:g
Diet
1	0	2925	264	173	1.528
2	0	2950	258	160	1.623
3	0	2975	262	178	1.483
4	0	3000	267	190	1.404
5	0.6	2925	275	187	1.481
6	0.6	2950	241	167	1.451
7	0.6	2975	278	190	1.457
8	0.6	3000	246	174	1.422
SEM±			11.1	10.2	0.046
P (CreAmino×energy)			ns	ns	ns
Energy
2925			270	180	1.505
2950			249	163	1.537
2975			270	184	1.470
3000			256	182	1.413
SEM±			7.8	7.2	0.03
P contrast			ns	ns	0.07
Energy: linear			ns	ns	ns
Energy: quadratic			ns	ns	ns
Energy: cubic			ns	ns	ns
CreAmino
Without			263	175	1.510^a
With			260	179	1.451^b
SEM±			5.5	5.1	0.012
P			ns	ns	^*

FI, feed intake; BWG, body weight gain; FCR, feed conversion ratio.

^a,bMeans in the same column with different superscripts differ significantly.

*P<0.05; ns, not significant.

Table 5. Feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens given experimental diets at 22 d (11-22 d).

	CreAmino, %	Energy, kcal/kg	Fl, g	BWG, g	FCR, g:g
Diet
1	0	3000	896	578	1.549
2	0	3025	879	601	1.468
3	0	3050	809	558	1.455
4	0	3075	875	591	1.481
5	0.6	3000	852	564	1.508
6	0.6	3025	828	578	1.434
7	0.6	3050	877	603	1.453
8	0.6	3075	819	607	1.356
SEM±			24.5	21.0	0.034
P (CreAmino×energy)			^*	ns	ns
Energy
2925			874	571	1.529
2950			854	590	1.451
2975			843	581	1.454
3000			847	599	1.419
SEM±			17.3	14.8	0.024
P contrast			ns	ns	^*
Energy: linear			ns	ns	^**
Energy: quadratic			ns	ns	ns
Energy: cubic			ns	ns	ns
CreAmino
Without			865	582	1.488^a
With			844	588	1.438^b
SEM±			12.2	10.5	0.017
P			ns	ns	^*

FI, feed intake; BWG, body weight gain; FCR, feed conversion ratio.

^a,bMeans in the same column with different superscripts differ significantly.

*P<0.05;

**P<0.01; ns, not significant.

Table 6. Feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens given experimental diets at 35 d (23-35 d).

	CreAmino, %	Energy, kcal/kg	FI, g	BWG, g	FCR, g:g
Diet
1	0	3075	2206	1241	1.777
2	0	3100	2166	1218	1.779
3	0	3125	2172	1156	1.879
4	0	3150	2207	1268	1.744
5	0.6	3075	2151	1234	1.743
6	0.6	3100	2079	1231	1.690
7	0.6	3125	2233	1294	1.727
8	0.6	3150	2145	1280	1.681
SEM±			45.2	28.3	0.038
P (CreAminoxenergy)			ns	0.057	ns
Energy
2925			2178	1237	1.760
2950			2123	1225	1.734
2975			2203	1225	1.803
3000			2176	1274	1.712
SEM±			32.0	20.0	0.027
P			ns	ns	ns
Energy: linear			ns	ns	ns
Energy: quadratic			ns	ns	ns
Energy: cubic			ns	ns	ns
CreAmino
Without			2188	1221	1.795^a
With			2152	1260	1.710^b
SEM±			22.6	14.1	0.019
P			ns	0.06	^**

FI, feed intake; BWG, body weight gain; FCR, feed conversion ratio.

^a,bMeans in the same column with different superscripts differ significantly.

**P<0.01; ns, not significant.

Table 7. Feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens given experimental diets at 35 d (0-35 d).

	CreAmino, %	Energy, kcal/kg	FI, g	BWG, g	FCR, g:g
Diet
1	0	2925 S 3000 G 3075 F	3367	1993	1.689
2	0	2950 S 3025 G 3100 F	3303	1979	1.668
3	0	2975 S 3050 G 3125 F	3245	1894	1.715
4	0	3000 S 3075 G 3150 F	3349	2049	1.636
5	0.6	2925 S 3000 G 3075 F	3280	1986	1.651
6	0.6	2950 S 3025 G 3100 F	3150	1977	1.591
7	0.6	2975 S 3050 G 3125 F	3389	2089	1.623
8	0.6	3000 S 3075 G 3150 F	3211	2061	1.558
SEM±			54.2	36.5	0.024
PP (CreAmino×energy)			^*	^*	ns
Energy
1^°			3323	1990	1.670
2^#			3226	1978	1.630
3^§			3317	1991	1.669
4^∧			3280	2055	1.597
SEM±			38.3	25.8	0.017
P			ns	ns	^**
Energy: linear			ns	ns	^*
Energy: quadratic			ns	ns	ns
Energy: cubic			^*	ns	ns
CreAmino
Without			3316	1979	1.677^a
With			3257	2028	1.606^b
SEM±			27.1	18.2	0.012
P			ns	0.06	^***

FI, feed intake; BWG, body weight gain; FCR, feed conversion ratio; S, starter; G, grower; F, finisher.

°Birds received 2925 kcal/kg for S period, 2950 kcal/kg for G period and 3075 kcal/kg for F period;

#birds received 2950 kcal/kg for S period, 3025 kcal/kg for G period and 3100 kcal/kg for F period;

§birds received 2975 kcal/kg for S period, 3050 kcal/kg for G period and 3125 kcal/kg for F period;

^∧birds received 3000 kcal/kg for S period, 3075 kcal/kg for G period and 3150 kcal/kg for F period.

^a,bMeans in the same column with different superscripts differ significantly.

*P<0.05;

**P<0.01;

***P<0.001; ns, not significant.

Table 8. Effect of treatments on parts yield as percentages of broiler dressed weight at 35 days.

	CreAmino, %	Energy, kcal/kg	Dressing, %	Breast^°, %	Leg^°, %	Drumstick^°, %	Thigh^°, %
Diet
1	0	3075	70.62	34.41	31.53	14.16	17.15
2	0	3100	70.59	34.16	31.39	14.07	17.29
3	0	3125	69.88	33.75	32.31	13.74	18.50
4	0	3150	72.06	34.46	31.47	14.52	16.90
5	0.6	3075	69.91	33.14	31.97	14.13	17.94
6	0.6	3100	69.70	35.59	31.15	14.00	17.08
7	0.6	3125	71.53	33.58	32.95	14.72	17.77
8	0.6	3150	71.31	34.74	31.00	14.46	16.48
SEM±			0.67	0.83	0.56	0.34	0.43
P (CreAmino×energy)			ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Energy
2925			70.27	33.77	31.75	14.15	17.55
2950			70.15	34.87	31.27	14.01	17.19
2975			70.71	34.17	32.63	14.23	18.13
3000			71.68	34.6	31.23	14.49	16.70
SEM±			0.47	0.59	0.39	0.24	0.31
P			ns	ns	^*	ns	^*
Energy: linear			ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Energy: quadratic			ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Energy: cubic			ns	ns	^**	ns	^**
CreAmino
Without			70.79	34.44	31.68	14.12	17.46
With			70.61	34.27	31.77	14.32	17.31
SEM±			0.33	0.41	0.27	0.17	0.21
P			ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

°Breast quarter, leg quarter thigh and drumstick were expressed as percentage of the carcass weight.

*P<0.05;

**P<0.01; ns, not significant.

Table 9. Effect of treatments on abdominal fat, liver and gizzard.

	CreAmino, %	Energy, kcal/kg	Fat^°, %	Liver^°, %	Gizzard^°, %
Diet
1	0	3075	2.18	3.27	4.27
2	0	3100	2.30	3.13	4.16
3	0	3125	1.99	2.95	3.88
4	0	3150	2.32	2.94	3.57
5	0.6	3075	2.26	2.92	3.76
6	0.6	3100	1.83	2.85	4.40
7	0.6	3125	1.94	2.76	4.00
8	0.6	3150	1.85	2.80	3.90
SEM±			0.25	0.12	0.19
P (CreAminoxenergy)			ns	ns	ns
Energy
2925			2.22	3.09	4.01
2950			2.79	2.99	4.27
2975			1.97	2.87	3.95
3000			2.08	2.87	3.73
SEM±			0.17	2.87	0.13
P			ns	ns	ns
Energy: linear			ns	ns	ns
Energy: quadratic			ns	ns	ns
Energy: cubic			ns	ns	ns
CreAmino
Without			2.20	3.07^a	3.97
With			1.97	2.84^b	4.01
SEM±			0.12	0.06	0.09
P			ns	^**	ns

°Fat, liver and gizzard percentages were expressed as percentage of the carcass weight.

^a,bMeans in the same column with different superscripts differ significantly.

**P<0.01; ns, not significant.