Evaluation of Energy Digestibility and Prediction of Digestible and Metabolisable Energy in Sunflower Seed Meal Fed to Growing Pigs

Figures & data

Table 1. Analysed chemical composition of sunflower seed meal.

Item	SFSM°							Min				Max	Mean	CV
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
DM, %	90.91	91.37	92.51	90.76	92.15	92.91	91.27	91.85	90.79	90.31	90.31	92.91	91.48	0.92
CP, %DM	34.91	38.00	29.33	32.02	31.68	29.47	35.19	34.63	39.09	30.87	29.33	39.09	33.52	10.13
EE, %DM	2.19	2.08	5.23	0.93	1.23	3.47	2.02	0.88	1.73	11.33	0.88	11.33	3.11	101.99
NDF, %DM	41.65	38.15	55.40	45.93	47.32	43.97	40.96	42.67	40.72	51.90	38.15	55.40	44.87	12.01
ADF, %DM	25.85	24.59	37.34	31.31	31.42	28.04	25.89	27.99	26.07	30.52	24.59	37.34	28.90	13.28
CF, %DM	21.83	23.11	36.42	30.54	29.87	27.25	21.46	25.66	22.47	33.69	21.46	36.42	27.23	19.31
Ash, %DM	6.86	7.15	5.45	6.32	6.82	7.75	8.30	6.40	6.76	6.71	5.45	8.30	6.85	11.37
Ca, %DM	0.27	0.32	0.17	0.34	0.33	0.45	0.44	0.30	0.30	0.31	0.17	0.45	0.32	25.07
P, %DM	1.04	1.15	0.63	0.81	0.94	0.84	1.02	0.98	1.06	0.92	0.63	1.15	0.94	15.89
GE, MJ/kg	19.17	19.52	19.88	19.08	19.00	19.51	19.02	18.65	19.36	21.50	18.65	21.50	19.47	4.07

SFSM, sunflower seed meal; CV, coefficient of variation; DM, dry matter; CP, crude protein; EE, ether extract; NDF, neutral detergent fibre; ADF, acid detergent fibre; CF, crude fibre; Ca, calcium; P, phosphorus; GE, gross energy.

°Sources of sunflower seed meal: 1, 4 and 8 were from Xinjiang; 2, 7 and 9 were from Hebei; 3 was from Liaoning; 5 was from Shanxi; 6 and 10 were from Inner Mongolia.

Table 2. Ingredient composition of experimental diets (as-fed basis).

	Basal diet	SFSM diets
Ingredients, %
Corn	82.2	57.54
Soybean meal	14.8	10.36
SFSM	-	29.1
Dicalcium phosphate	1.1	1.1
Limestone	0.9	0.9
Sodium chloride	0.3	0.3
Choline chloride	0.2	0.2
Mineral and vitamin premix^°	0.5	0.5
Calculated compositon, %
CP	13.88	21.31

SFSM, sunflower seed meal; CP, crude protein.

°Premix provided the following per kg of complete diets: vitamin A, 5512 U; vitamin D₃, 2200 U; vitamin E, 30 U; vitamin K₃, 2.2 mg; vitamin B₁₂, 27.6 μg; riboflavin, 4 mg; pantothenic acid, 14 mg; niacin, 30 mg; choline chloride, 400 mg; folacin, 0.7 mg; vitamin B₁, 1.5 mg; vitamin B₆, 3 mg; biotin, 44 μg; Mn, 40 mg (MnO); Fe, 75 mg (FeSO₄•H₂O); Zn, 75 mg (ZnO); Cu, 10 mg (CuSO₄•5H₂O); I, 0.3 mg (KI); Se, 0.3 mg (Na₂SeO₃).

Table 3. Energy concentration and apparent total tract digestibility of energy of sunflower seed meal.

Item	SFSM°						Mean					SEM	P
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
DE, MJ/kg as-fed basis	11.07^ab	11.40^a	9.72^c	10.10^bc	9.69^c	9.87^bc	10.95^abc	9.87^bc	11.15^ab	10.83^abc	10.40	0.42	0.01
ME, MJ/kg as-fed basis	10.51	11.11	9.52	9.52	9.45	9.74	10.26	9.74	10.93	10.43	10.11	0.46	0.14
DE, MJ/kg DM	12.17^a	12.47^a	10.51^c	11.13^abc	10.52^c	10.62^bc	11.99^ab	10.74^bc	12.28^a	11.99^ab	11.36	0.46	<0.01
ME, MJ/kg DM	11.56	12.16	10.30	10.49	10.26	10.48	11.24	10.61	12.04	11.55	11.06	0.50	0.07
ATTD of GE, %	63.52^a	63.90^a	52.86^b	58.32^ab	55.36^b	54.44^b	63.04^a	57.60^ab	63.45^a	55.78^b	58.68	2.38	<0.01

SFSM, sunflower seed meal; DE, digestible energy; ME, metabolisable energy; ATTD, apparent total tract digestibility; GE, gross energy.

°Sources of sunflower seed meal: 1, 4 and 8 were from Xinjiang; 2, 7 and 9 were from Hebei; 3 was from Liaoning; 5 was from Shanxi; 6 and 10 were from Inner Mongolia.

^a-cMeans within a row without a common superscript letter are significantly different (P<0.05).

Table 4. Correlation coefficients between chemical composition and digestible and metabolisable energy of sunflower seed meal.

Item	CP	EE	NDF	ADF	CF	Ash	Ca	P	GE	DE	ME
CP	1.00
EE	-0.45	1.00
NDF	-0.80^**	0.64^*	1.00
ADF	-0.77^**	0.34	0.94^**	1.00
CF	-0.81^**	0.57	0.95^**	0.93^**	1.00
Ash	0.26	-0.15	-0.62	-0.71^*	-0.65^*	1.00
Ca	0.03	-0.19	-0.49	-0.53	-0.43	0.89^**	1.00
P	0.85^**	-0.29	-0.84^**	-0.91^**	-0.84^**	0.54	0.30	1.00
GE	-0.34	0.97^**	0.56	0.28	0.54	-0.16	-0.19	-0.21	1.00
DE	0.74^*	0.12	-0.54	-0.69^*	-0.59	0.36	0.07	0.74^*	0.23	1.00
ME	0.78^**	0.14	-0.55	-0.70^*	-0.58	0.30	<0.01	0.77^**	0.26	0.96^**	1.00

CP, crude protein; EE, ether extract; NDF, neutral detergent fibre; ADF, acid detergent fibre; CF, crude fibre; Ca, calcium; P, phosphorus; GE, gross energy; DE, digestible energy; ME, metabolisable energy.

*P<0.05;

**P<0.01.

Table 5. Linear regression equations for prediction of energy content (MJ/kg DM) based on the chemical composition (% of DM) of sunflower seed meal fed to growing pigs.

No.	Linear regression equations	R^2	RSD^2	P
1	DE=-4.90+0.14 CP-0.08 CF+0.71 GE	0.89	0.27	<0.01
2	DE=2.5-0.15 NDF+0.80 GE	0.71	0.44	0.01
3	DE=-6.89+0.56 GE+0.22 CP	0.82	0.34	<0.01
4	DE=15.67-0.15 ADF	0.48	0.58	0.03
5	DE=5.5+0.18 CP	0.55	0.54	0.01
6	DE=7.28-0.17 ADF+0.47 GE	0.68	0.46	0.02
7	ME=1.14+0.87 DE	0.93	0.20	<0.01
8	ME=4.59-0.18 NDF-0.35 Ash+0.87 GE	0.85	0.28	<0.01
9	ME=-4.90-0.05 NDF+0.66 GE+0.16 CP	0.96	0.14	<0.01
10	ME=14.93-0.13 ADF	0.49	0.52	0.02
11	ME=5.43+0.17 CP	0.62	0.45	<0.01
12	ME=2.33-0.14 NDF+0.77 GE	0.77	0.35	<0.01
13	ME=6.81-0.16 ADF+0.46 GE	0.72	0.38	0.01

RSD, residual standard deviation; DE, digestible energy; CP, crude protein; CF, crude fibre; GE, gross energy; NDF, neutral detergent fibre; ADF, acid detergent fibre; ME, metabolisable energy. Regression equations were developed based on stepwise regression analyses.