The Effects of Partial Replacement of Soybean Meal by Xylose-Treated Soybean Meal in the Starter Concentrate on Performance, Health Status, and Blood Metabolites of Holstein Calves

Figures & data

Figure 1. Feed to gain ratios (kg starter intake/kg weight gain) with 10 day intervals in calves fed different starter diets. CTR=control, i.e. starter concentrate with 25% soybean meal (SBM) (♦), 7.5XSBM= starter concentrate with 17.5% SBM+7.5% xylose-treated SBM (XSBM) (■), 12.5XSBM=starter concentrate with 12.5% SBM+12.5% XSBM (▲).

Table 1. Ingredients and chemical composition of starter concentrates.

	Treatments
	CTR	7.5XSBM	12.5XSBM
Ingredients, %
Corn grain	40	40	40
Barley grain	20	20	20
Soybean meal	25	17.5	12.5
Xylose-treated soybean meal	0	7.5	12.5
Molasses	5	5	5
Wheat bran	4	4	4
Alfalfa meal	2.5	2.5	2.5
Fat	1	1	1
Di-Calcium phosphate	1	1	1
NaCl	0.5	0.5	0.5
Vit.-min. mix^°	1	1	1
Chemical composition
NEg, Mcal/kg	1.3	1.3	1.3
NDF, %DM	16.7	16.7	16.7
CP, %DM	19.2	19.3	19.3
RUP, %CP^#	37	38.2	40
EE, %DM	2.8	2.8	2.8
Ca, %DM	0.7	0.7	0.7
P, %DM	0.4	0.4	0.4

CTR, starter concentrate with 25% SBM (control); SBM, soybean meal; 7.5XSBM, starter concentrate with 17.5% SBM+7.5% XSBM; XSBM, xylose-treated SBM; 12.5XSBM, starter concentrate with 12.5% SBM+12.5% XSBM; NEg, net energy gain; NDF, neutral detergent fibre; CP, crude protein; RUP, rumen undegradable protein; EE, ether extract.

°Contained per kg of supplement: vitamin A, 250,000 U; vitamin D, 50,000 U; vitamin E, 1500 U; Mn, 2.25 g; Ca, 120 g; Zn, 7.7 g; P, 20 g; Mg, 20.5 g; Na, 186 g; Fe, 1.25 g; S, 3 g; Co, 14 mg; Cu, 1.25 g; I, 56 mg; Se, 10 mg.

^#Calculated using the data reported by Jahani-Moghadam et al. (2009).

Table 2. Least square means for feed intake, performance, body measurements and health parameters in calves fed experimental diets.

Item	Treatments			SE	P
	CTR	7.5 XSBM	12.5 XSBM
Intake and performance
Starter intake, kg/d	0.56^a	0.40^c	0.42^b	0.04	0.0003
Daily gain, kg/d	0.67^a	0.60^b	0.57^b	0.04	0.0001
F:G^°	0.83^a	0.67^c	0.74^b	0.09	0.02
Body measurements
Heart girth, cm	81.9	81.3	81.8	3.23	0.84
Wither height, cm	81.4	80.6	81.6	3.07	0.43
Body length, cm	78.7	76.9	77.5	3.43	0.24
Health parameters
Respiration rate, min^–1	52.3	53.6	53.9	2.45	0.35
Rectal temperature, °C	38.8	38.6	38.7	0.34	0.72
Faecal scoring^#	2.6	2.4	2.5	0.27	0.73

CTR, starter concentrate with 25% SBM (control); SBM, soybean meal; 7.5XSBM, starter concentrate with 17.5% SBM+7.5% XSBM; XSBM, xylose-treated SBM; 12.5XSBM, starter concentrate with 12.5% SBM+12.5% XSBM.

°It was calculated as kg of starter intake divided by kg of body weight gain.

^#Faecal scoring was recorded 3 times in a week on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 being normal, 2 being soft to loose, 3 being loose to watery, 4 being watery, mucous and slightly bloody, and 5 being watery, mucous and bloody (Heinrichs et al., 2003).

^a-cLeast squares means within the same row without a common superscript are significantly different.

Table 3. Least square means for blood metabolites concentrations in calves fed different diets.

Item, mg/dL	Treatments			SE	P
	CTR	7.5 XSBM	12.5 XSBM
Day 4
Glucose	97.8	96.2	99.5	3.2	0.45
TP	6.24	6.51	6.58	0.22	0.38
PUN	12.25	12.10	12.17	0.98	0.67
Day 35
Glucose	84.2	88.6	78.5	3.1	0.03
TP	5.91	5.85	5.62	0.20	0.55
PUN	11.57	11.87	11.22	1.07	0.36
Day 56
Glucose	85.6	80.2	84.8	2.9	0.23
TP	5.78	5.97	5.71	0.24	0.78
PUN	11.07^a	10.81^b	10.08^c	1.27	0.006
Average
Glucose	89.2	88.4	87.9	3.7	0.17
TP	6.01	6.11	5.98	0.27	0.37
PUN	11.70^a	11.60^b	11.15^c	0.75	0.02

CTR, starter concentrate with 25% SBM (control); SBM, soybean meal; 7.5XSBM, starter concentrate with 17.5% SBM+7.5% XSBM; XSBM, xylose-treated SBM; 12.5XSBM, starter concentrate with 12.5% SBM+12.5% XSBM; TP, total protein; PUN, plasma urea nitrogen.

^a-cLeast squares means within the same row without a common superscript are significantly different.

Jahani-MoghadamM.Amanlou H.Nikkhah A., 2009. Metabolic and productive response to ruminal protein degradability in early lactation cows fed untreated or xylose-treated soybean meal-based diets. J. Anim. Physiol. An. N. 93:777-786.

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