Adipokines and insulin action

Figures & data

Table 1. The effects and metabolic implications of adipokines with respect to energy metabolism and insulin action

Adipokine	Effects	Metabolic implications	References
Leptin	↓ NPY, MCH, GAL gene expression in hypothalamus	↓ Food intake	61
	↑ UCP 1,2,3 gene expression in BAT ↑ PGC1α in BAT ↑ UCP2 in WAT	↑ Energy expenditure	99–102
	↑ Fatty acid oxidation enzymes	↓ Adipose tissue mass	103 and 104
	↑ AMPK phosphorylation and activation in muscle	↓ Triglyceride storage in non-adipose tissues	30, 60, and 105
	↑ Basal glucose turnover	Improved glycemic control and glucose tolerance	60, 63, and 65
	↑ Insulin-stimulated glucose turnover	↑ Insulin sensitivity and amelioration of diabetes	31, 62, and 99
Adiponectin	↑ Fatty acid oxidation via activation of AMPK	↓ Plasma FFAs ↓ Muscle triglycerides	34, 83, and 84
	↑ PGC1α in muscle	↑ Mitochondrial function	106
	↑ Fatty acid oxidation ↑ Fatty acid synthesis via changes in PPARα, CPT1; ACC and FAS gene expression	↓ Hepatic triglycerides and fatty liver	85 and 107
	↓ Gluconeogenic gene expression (PEPCK, G6Pase) liver	Improved glycemic control and glucose tolerance	108
	↓ Hepatic glucose production	↑ Hepatic insulin action	109 and 110
	↑ Ceramidase activity β cells	↓ Beta cell apoptosis	90
	↑ Insulin gene expression	↑ Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion	89
	Promotes fat storage in subcutaneous adipose tissue	↓ Visceral adipose tissue	111
	↓ Macrophage infiltration of adipose and alternative M2 macrophage activation	↓ Inflammation	111 and 112
Adipolin	↑ Insulin signaling (IRS-1, Akt phosphorylation) in adipocytes	↑ Glucose uptake	35 and 93
	↑ Insulin signaling in liver	↑ Glucose tolerance	35
	↓ GNG enzymes (PEPCK, G6Pase)	↓ Hepatic glucose production	35
	↓ Pro-inflammatory gene expression (resistin, TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory response	↓ Inflammation	36

GNG, gluconeogenesis; NPY, neuropeptide Y; MCH, melanin concentrating hormone, GAL, galanin; UCP, uncoupling protein; PGC1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 α; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; CPT1, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1; ACC, acetyl CoA carboxylase; FAS, fatty acid synthase; PEPCK phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; G6Pase, glucose 6 phosphatase; MCP, monocyte chemotactic protein.

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