Actin binding proteins

Figures & data

Figure 1. Actin organization in migrating cancer cell. (A) Staining for F-actin using Phalloidin-Alexa488 in a migrating Rama 37 malignant cell expressing high levels of S100A4. In this image, the structures of lamellipodium/lamellum and filopodium are clearly visible at the leading edge of the cell. (B and C) present models for the lamellipodium/lamellum and filopodium and the respective molecular organization within, focusing on the proteins presented in this review. (B) A simplified model for lamellipodium/lamellum formation. In the lamellipodium, free barbed ends of actin filaments recruit the Arp2/3 complex via activation by WASP/WAVE complex and cortactin. The Arp2/3 complex nucleates a new actin filament from the side of existing filaments and remains at the branching point. In the lamellum, actin filaments are bound to tropomyosins, preventing interactions with other actin binding proteins. (C) A simplified model for filopodia formation. Individual filaments of the filopodium emerge from the branching point on other filaments, through actin polymerization promoted by the Arp2/3 complex. Further addition of actin monomers at the barbed end of actin filaments is nucleated by the formin family, whereas fascin regulates filopodia stability through its bundling activities.

Table 1. Regulation of specific actin binding proteins in cancer tissue samples and cell lines

Actin binding protein affected	Level of regulation and tumor origins	References
Arp2/3
Arp2	Down in gastric carcinoma	64
	Up in gastric carcinoma	70
	Up in colorectal carcinoma	65 and 73
	Up in breast carcinoma	71 and 72
Arp3	Up in colorectal neoplasms	65
	Up in gastric carcinoma	70
ARPC1	Up in pancreatic carcinoma	119
ARPC2	Down in gastric carcinoma	64
	Up in breast carcinoma	66
ARPC3	Down in gastric carcinoma	64
	Up in breast cancer cell lines	68
	Up in PyMT tumor cells	69
ARPC5	Up in breast cancer cell lines	68
	Up in PyMT tumor cells	69
	Up in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma	67
WASP/WAVE
N-WASP	Down in breast carcinoma	83
	Up in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma	78
	No changes in breast carcinoma	82
WAVE1	Up in breast carcinoma	82
WAVE 2	No changes in breast carcinoma	82
	Up in breast carcinoma	79
WAVE3	Up in prostate carcinoma	81
Fascin	Up in thymomas and thymic carcinomas	85
	Up in endometrioid carcinoma	86
	Up in pancreatic adenocarcinoma	87
	Up in hepatocellular carcinoma	88
Tropomyosin
Tpm1	Down in breast cancer cell line	96
	Down in colon cancer cell line	96
Tpm3	Up in breast cancer	99
	Up in hepatocellular carcinoma	103
ALK-TPM3	Up in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors	100
	Up in anaplastic large cell lymphoma	101
TRK-TPM3	Up in thyroid papillary carcinoma	102

Table 2. miRNAs dependent mechanisms regulating the levels of specific actin binding proteins in different cancer samples and cell lines

Actin binding protein affected	Possible miRNA mechanisms	Tumour origin	References
Arp2/3
ARPC5	miR-133a	Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma	67
WASP/WAVE
WAVE3	miR31	Breast cancer cell lines	121
		Prostate cancer cell line	121
	miR-200	Breast cancer cell line	120
		Prostate cancer cell lines	120
Tropomyosin
Tpm1	miR-21	Breast cancer cell lines	129 and 130
Tpm2	miR-133a	Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma	67
Tpm3	miR-133a	Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma	67
	miR-145	Prostate cancer cell lines	111
		Esophageal squamous cancer carcinoma	112
Fascin	miR-133a	Bladder cancer cell lines	113
	miR-143	Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma	126
	miR-145	Breast cancer cell lines.	128
		Prostate cancer cell lines	111
		Bladder cancer cells lines	113
		Esophageal squamous cancer cell lines	126

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