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Perspective

The “Clever Hans Phenomenon” revisited

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Article: e27122 | Received 06 Nov 2013, Accepted 06 Nov 2013, Published online: 13 Nov 2013

Figures & data

Figure 1. “Clever Hans,” an Orlov trotter horse (~1895—~1916) and his owner and teacher Wilhelm von Osten (1838—1909).

Figure 1. “Clever Hans,” an Orlov trotter horse (~1895—~1916) and his owner and teacher Wilhelm von Osten (1838—1909).

Figure 2. “Clever Hans” in action, tapping with his hoof: 8 – 4 = 4, 8 + 4 = 12, 8 / 4 = 2, and 8 x 4 = 32.

Figure 2. “Clever Hans” in action, tapping with his hoof: 8 – 4 = 4, 8 + 4 = 12, 8 / 4 = 2, and 8 x 4 = 32.