Figures & data
Figure 1. Food intake over 72 h of male offspring from 0–29 weeks post-weaning. Diet abbreviations: RV, the AIN-93G diet with the recommended vitamins; HFol, RV+10-fold the folate content. Gestational and pup diets denoted before and after the dash line, respectively. Diet (p = 0.02), Time (p < 0.0001), Diet*Time (p = 1.0). ab Significantly different by PROC MIXED model repeated measures. Values are mean ± SEM, n = 10–12/group.
Figure 2. Body weight of male offspring from 0–29 weeks post-weaning. Diet abbreviations: RV, the AIN-93G diet with the recommended vitamins; HFol, RV+10-fold the folate content. Gestational and pup diets denoted before and after the dash line, respectively. Weight Gain: Diet (p = 0.03), Time (p < 0.0001), Diet*Time (p = 0.7). ab Significantly different by PROC MIXED model repeated measures. Values are mean ± SEM, n = 11–12/group.
Figure 3. Blood glucose response to an insulin load (0.75 U of insulin per kg of body weight) as net area under the curve (netAUC) of male offspring at 7, 12 and 16 weeks post-weaning. Diet abbreviations: RV, the AIN-93G diet with the recommended vitamins; HFol, RV+10-fold the folate content. Gestational and pup diets denoted before and after the dash line, respectively. ab Significantly different by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. Values are mean ± SEM, n = 9–12/group.
Figure 4. Blood glucose response to a glucose load (5 g of glucose per kg of body weight) as incremental area under the curve (iAUC) of male offspring at 10, 14 and 18 weeks post-weaning. Diet abbreviations: RV, the AIN-93G diet with the recommended vitamins; HFol, RV+10-fold the folate content. Gestational and pup diets denoted before and after the dash line, respectively. ab Significantly different by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. Values are mean ± SEM, n = 9–12/group.
Figure 5. Hypothalamic gene expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF) and serotonin receptors (5-HTR1A/2A/2C) of right hypothalamus in male offspring at 29 weeks post-weaning. Diet abbreviations: RV, the AIN-93G diet with the recommended vitamins; HFol, RV+10-fold the folate content. Gestational and pup diets denoted before and after the dash line, respectively. ab Significantly different by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. Values are mean ± SEM, n = 4–7/group.
Figure 6. DNA methylation at (A) global and (B) pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-specific of left hypothalamus in male offspring at 29 weeks post-weaning. Diet abbreviations: RV, the AIN-93G diet with the recommended vitamins; HFol, RV+10-fold the folate content. Gestational and pup diets denoted before and after the dash line, respectively. Global DNA methylation not significant, n = 5/group. ab POMC-specific methylation p = 0.0001 by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test, n = 4–6/group. Values are mean ± SEM.
Figure 7. Correlation between pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-specific methylation and glucose response to a glucose load at 10 weeks post-weaning by Spearman’s correlation coefficient, n = 9.
Figure 8. Folate concentrations in the (A) brain and (B) plasma of male offspring at 29 weeks post-weaning. Diet abbreviations: RV, the AIN-93G diet with the recommended vitamins; HFol, RV+10-fold the folate content. Gestational and pup diets denoted before and after the dash line, respectively. ab Brain folate: p = 0.002, n = 9–11 and plasma folate: p = 0.004, n = 13–15 by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. Values are mean ± SEM.
Figure 9. Schematic sketch of the study (A) design and (B) protocol for male offspring from 0–29 weeks post-weaning. Diet abbreviations: RV, the AIN-93G diet with the recommended vitamins; HFol, RV+10-fold the folate content. Gestational and pup diets denoted before and after the dash line, respectively.
Figure 10. Location of 5 cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites in the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene promoter shown by the shadowed areas.
