Effectiveness of interventions that apply new media to improve vaccine uptake and vaccine coverage

Figures & data

Table 1. Search strategy: keywords and limits

Axis 1 keywords
android, blog*, email*, facebook, forum*, internet, mobile phone*, new media, myspace, smartphone, sms, social media, social network*, text messag*, twitter, web, youtube,
Axis 2 keywords
coverage, immuniz*, rate*, vaccine*
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries^$
Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States

^$The search strategy was limited to OECD countries as study setting, human study populations and English language.

Table 2. Studies included in the systematic review

Reference	Country	Study design	Vaccine	Vaccine target population	New media applied in the intervention	Type of intervention	Study population*	Sample size (n)	Primary outcome assessed	Secondary outcome	Quality assessment score
Ahlers-Schmidt (a) 2012^52	USA	Randomized controlled trial	Children recommended	Children	Text messages	Remind/recall	Parents	125	Yes	Timeliness of immunization, willingness to use/adopt the intervention/tool, perceived benefit and barriers of the intervention/tool, opinion on the helpfulness of the intervention	23
Ahlers-Schmidt (b) 2012^53	USA	Cross-sectional study	Children recommended	Children	Text messages	Remind/recall	Parents	50	No	Willingness to use/adopt the intervention/tool, perceived benefit and barriers of the intervention/tool	10
Brunson 2013^54	USA	Case-control study	Children recommended	Children	Internet - web surfing	Multicomponent interventions including education	Parents	196	Yes	-	15
Cooney 2010^55	Ireland	Operational reserach	MMR	Students	Internet – email	Remind/recall	Students	177	No	Opinion on the helpfulness of the intervention	11
Coyle 2004^56	USA	Non-randomized trial	Pneumococcal	Elders (> 65 y)	Standing order and computerized reminders	Provider-based interventions	Physicians, pharmacists	266	Yes	-	13
Dexheimer 2011^57	USA	Operational reserach	Pneumococcal	Elders (> 65 y)	Computerized reminders	Provider-based interventions	Physicians	2062	Yes	-	20
Dexter 2004^58	USA	Randomized controlled trial	Influenza and Pneumococcal	Elders (> 65 y)	Standing order and computerized reminders	Provider-based interventions	Physicians	1677	Yes	-	24
Hofstetter 2013^59	USA	Cross-sectional study	Children recommended	Children	Text messages	Remind/recall	Parents, providers, medical staff	273	No	Opinion on the helpfulness of the intervention	11
Kharbanda 2011^60	USA	Non-randomized trial	HPV	Adolescents	Text messages	Remind/recall	Parents	1512	Yes	-	18
Lau 2012^61	Australia	Randomized controlled trial	Influenza	Students and university staff	Internet - online portal	Client-held medical records	Students, university staff	855	Yes	Access to healthcare, attitudes/knowledge towards immunization and/or disease	17
Loo 2011^62	USA	Non-randomized trial	Influenza and Pneumococcal	Elders (>65 y)	Computerized reminders	Provider-based interventions	Physicians	4660	Yes	-	20
Mena 2012^63	Spain	Cross-sectional study	Influenza	Students	Internet, Facebook	Multicomponent interventions including education	Students	538	No	Willingness to use/adopt the intervention/tool	9
Mena 2013^64	Spain	Non-randomized trial	Influenza	Students	Internet, website	Multicomponent interventions including education	Students	538	No	Willingness to get immunized/to immunize their children	14
Moniz 2013^65	USA	Randomized controlled trial	Influenza	Pregnant women	Text messages	Multicomponent interventions including education	Pregnant women	216	Yes	Rate of utilization of the assessed intervention/tool, opinion on the helpfulness of the intervention	3
Nan 2012^66	USA	Randomized controlled trial	HPV	Students	Internet, blog	Multicomponent interventions including education	Students	341	No	-	24
Peck 2012^67	USA	Operational reserach	Children recommended	Children	Smartphone application	Remind/recall multicomponent interventions including education	Parents	262	No	Rate of utilization of the assessed intervention/tool, opinion on the helpfulness of the intervention	3
Robichaud 2012^68	Canada	Non-randomized trial	Influenza	Students	Internet, Youtube	Multicomponent interventions including education	Students	250	No	Willingness to get immunized/to immunize their children, attitudes/knowledge towards immunization and/or disease	18
Stockwell (a) 2012^69	USA	Randomized controlled trial	Meningococcal and DTP (study1) Haemphilus influenzae b (study2)	Adolescents and parents	Text messages	Remind/recall	Parents	535	Yes	Access to healthcare	24
Stockwell (b) 2012^70	USA	Randomized controlled trial	Influenza	Children	Text messages	Remind/recall multicomponent interventions including education	Parents	9213	Yes	-	24

* Who the outcomes were assessed on; DTP, Diphteria-Tetanus-Pertussis; MMR, Measles-Mumps-Rubella.

Figure 1. Prisma flowchart.

Ahlers-SchmidtCR, ChesserAK, NguyenT, BrannonJ, HartTA, WilliamsKS, WittlerRR. Feasibility of a randomized controlled trial to evaluate Text Reminders for Immunization Compliance in Kids (TRICKs). Vaccine2012; 30:5305 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.058; PMID: 22750044

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ahlers-SchmidtCR, ChesserAK, PaschalAM, HartTA, WilliamsKS, YaghmaiB, Shah-HaqueS. Parent opinions about use of text messaging for immunization reminders. J Med Internet Res2012; 14:e83; http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1976; PMID: 22683920

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

BrunsonEK. The impact of social networks on parents’ vaccination decisions. Pediatrics2013; 131:e1397 - 404; http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-2452; PMID: 23589813

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

CooneyF, RyanA, SchinaiaN, BreslinA. Using electronic mail to improve MMR uptake amongst third level students. Ir Med J2010; 103:72 - 4; PMID: 20666068

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

CoyleCM, CurrieBP. Improving the rates of inpatient pneumococcal vaccination: impact of standing orders versus computerized reminders to physicians. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2004; 25:904 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502317; PMID: 15566021

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

DexheimerJW, TalbotTR3rd, YeF, ShyrY, JonesI, GreggWM, AronskyD. A computerized pneumococcal vaccination reminder system in the adult emergency department. Vaccine2011; 29:7035 - 41; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.032; PMID: 21784117

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

DexterPR, PerkinsSM, MaharryKS, JonesK, McDonaldCJ. Inpatient computer-based standing orders vs physician reminders to increase influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates: a randomized trial. JAMA2004; 292:2366 - 71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.19.2366; PMID: 15547164

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

HofstetterAM, VargasCY, KennedyA, KitayamaK, StockwellMS. Parental and provider preferences and concerns regarding text message reminder/recall for early childhood vaccinations. Prev Med2013; 57:75 - 80; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.04.007; PMID: 23624252

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

KharbandaEO, StockwellMS, FoxHW, AndresR, LaraM, RickertVI. Text message reminders to promote human papillomavirus vaccination. Vaccine2011; 29:2537 - 41; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.065; PMID: 21300094

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

LauAY, SintchenkoV, CrimminsJ, MagrabiF, GallegoB, CoieraE. Impact of a web-based personally controlled health management system on influenza vaccination and health services utilization rates: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Inform Assoc2012; 19:719 - 27; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000433; PMID: 22582203

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

LooTS, DavisRB, LipsitzLA, IrishJ, BatesCK, AgarwalK, MarksonL, HamelMB. Electronic medical record reminders and panel management to improve primary care of elderly patients. Arch Intern Med2011; 171:1552 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.394; PMID: 21949163

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

MenaG, LlupiàA, García-BasteiroAL, AldeaM, SequeraVG, TrillaA. The willingness of medical students to use Facebook as a training channel for professional habits: the case of influenza vaccination. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw2012; 15:328 - 31; http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2011.0457; PMID: 22703040

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

MenaG, LlupiàA, García-BasteiroAL, SequeraVG, AldeaM, BayasJM, TrillaA. Educating on professional habits: attitudes of medical students towards diverse strategies for promoting influenza vaccination and factors associated with the intention to get vaccinated. BMC Med Educ2013; 13:99; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-13-99; PMID: 23866902

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

MonizMH, HasleyS, MeynLA, BeigiRH. Improving influenza vaccination rates in pregnancy through text messaging: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol2013; 121:734 - 40; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e31828642b1; PMID: 23635672

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

NanX, MaddenK. HPV vaccine information in the blogosphere: how positive and negative blogs influence vaccine-related risk perceptions, attitudes, and behavioral intentions. Health Commun2012; 27:829 - 36; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2012.661348; PMID: 22452582

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

PeckJL, StantonM, ReynoldsGE. Smartphone preventive health care: parental use of an immunization reminder system. J Pediatr Health Care2014; 28:35 - 42; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2012.09.005; PMID: 23195652

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

RobichaudP, HawkenS, BeardL, MorraD, TomlinsonG, WilsonK, KeelanJ. Vaccine-critical videos on YouTube and their impact on medical students’ attitudes about seasonal influenza immunization: a pre and post study. Vaccine2012; 30:3763 - 70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.074; PMID: 22484293

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

StockwellMS, KharbandaEO, MartinezRA, LaraM, VawdreyD, NatarajanK, RickertVI. Text4Health: impact of text message reminder-recalls for pediatric and adolescent immunizations. Am J Public Health2012; 102:e15 - 21; http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300331; PMID: 22390457

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

StockwellMS, KharbandaEO, MartinezRA, VargasCY, VawdreyDK, CamargoS. Effect of a text messaging intervention on influenza vaccination in an urban, low-income pediatric and adolescent population: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA2012; 307:1702 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.502; PMID: 22535855

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar