Figures & data
Figure 1 Human palatal development. (A) Week six of human palatal development, with the secondary palate shown vertically on each side of the tongue and a gap between the secondary palate, nasal septum and primary palate. (B) After descent of the tongue, the secondary palatal shelves elevate and orient horizontally, allowing them to come in contact and begin fusing. (C) Fusion of the primary and secondary palate and the nasal septum separating the oropharynx from the nasopharynx. Figure modified from Dixon et al.Citation1
Figure 2 Correlation between human and mouse palates. (A) Normal human upper lip, hard palate and soft palate. (B) Normal mouse upper lip, hard palate and soft palate. (C) Cleft of the secondary palate in human patient. (D) Clefting of secondary palate in transgenic mouse.
Figure 3 Palate cultures. (A) Schematic of palate culture using 6-well plate and insert with 0.4 µM pores allowing cytokines but not cells to pass through. (B) Schematic of paired palatal shelves in palate culture. (C) H&E stain of palatal fusion after 72 h of 2 palatal shelves in culture while in contact with each other.
Figure 4 Von Langenbeck palatal repair. (A) Secondary cleft palate palate with dotted red lines demonstrating incisions. (B) Mucuoperiosteal flap elevation with orange demonstrating opening of the incisions. (C) Midline nasal closure of the defect with the nasal layer in orange. (D) Closure of the midline incision with the oral mucosa over the nasal layer closure.
Table 1 Genetic pathways involved in cleft lip and palate
Table 2 Summary of molecular pathways
Table 3 Summary of animal models used for palate study
Table 4 Procedure used for palate repair
Table 5 Summary of procedures used for palate repair
Table 6 Recent studies of palatal tissue engineering
Table 7 Summary of tissues described in tissue engineering of the palate
Table 8 Summary of animal models in studies discussing tissue engineering of the palate