Centriole inheritance

Figures & data

Figure 1 Centrosome structure. Pericentriolar material surrounds a pair of barrels-shaped centrioles. Minus ends of astral microtubules lie in pericentriolar matrix and plus ends extend outward. The designated plus-end of microtubules is more dynamic, frequently growing or shrinking. The opposing minus end is also dynamic although tubulin is lost, but not added in vivo.

Figure 2 Spindle fusions in γ-tubulin mutants. Spindles in embryos from wild-type (wt) and γ-Tub37C (γ-mat) mutants as indicated. Embryos were stained with antibodies against α-tubulin to visualize microtubules and a fluorescent chromatin dye to visualize chromosomes. Arrows indicate some sites of apparent spindle fusion. Magnification identical in all panels.

Figure 3 Centriole and basal body structure. Amorphous material is the first indication of a forming centriole or basal body. (A–C) The A-, B- and C-tubules appear sequentially. (D) Appendages form at the distal end of the parental centriole. (E–G) The transition zone marks the end of C-tubules in basal bodies. B- and C-tubules extend into axonemes. (H) The central pair of microtubules emerges in the transition zone, but they are not present in cilia. (E–H) The plasma membrane surrounding basal body/axonemes is depicted as a circle. Modified from tomography of centriole/basal body structure in Chlamydomonas.33

Figure 4 The centriole cycle and the spindle assembly checkpoint. (A) Normal centriole cycle. (B1) Failure in centriole duplication, but centrosomes with a single centriole assemble a bipolar spindle. (B2) A single centrosome is partitioned to daughter cells that generate a monopolar spindle. Centriole pairs are connected by fibrillar material, designated by black dots. Parental centriole shows distal appendages (blue lines) that may be vestiges of centriole assembly since they are not essential for mitosis or viability.37 Pericentriolar matrix and microtubule asters are not depicted for simplicity.

Figure 5 Centriole checkpoint at the G1/S transition. Acentriolar cells were generated by microsurgery with the sharpened tip of glass pipette56 as shown here or by laser ablation.57 Karyoplasts complete mitosis and often cytokinesis, arresting before passing the G1/S phase transition. Mitosis in control cells is depicted at the top. For simplicity, asters of microtubules in interphase cells are not shown.

Figure 6 De novo assembly of centrioles. Following laser ablation of centrioles and completion of mitosis (M₀), centrin-GFP in presumptive procentrioles (small dots) form in the first S-phase (S₁). Pro/centrioles coalesce in G1₂ when centrioles acquire a robust pericentriolar mass and an aster of microtubules. Note that immature de novo assembled centrioles are depicted at the poles of a bipolar spindle at M₁ for simplicity, but multipolar spindles were also formed. Because immature centrioles are not associated with microtubules, positioning of immature de novo assembled centrioles at spindle poles in M₁ may reflect a microtubule-independent mechanism. Control cells retaining centrioles undergo normal cell cycle progression, but only G1₁-M₁ is depicted here.

Table 1 γ-tubulin containing complexesa

	Humans	Frogs	Flies	Budding Yeast	Fission Yeast	Nematodes
γTuSCb	TUBG1	Xgam	γTub23Cc	Tub4	Gtb1	tgb-1
			γTub37C
	GCP2	Xgrip110	Dgp84	Spc97	Alp4
	GCP3	Xgrip109	Dgp91	Spc98	Alp6	glp-1
gTuRCd	GCP4	Xgrip76	Dgp75	Gfh1
	GCP5	Xgrip133	Dgp128
	GCP6	Xgrip210	Dgp163	Alp16
peripherale	GCPWD	XNedd-1	Dgp71WD

a Components of γ-tubulin complexes have been reviewed recently.17

b Components corresponding to those in γTuSC are included in γTuRCs in vertebrates and flies.17

c Drosophila encodes two differentially expressed isoforms.22

d Yeast γTuRCs sediment from extracts of vertebrates. Both γTuRC and γTuSC sediment from extracts of fly embryos.

e Nonconserved peripheral component of γTuSCs in flies and vertebrates is required for localization of γ-tubulin to spindle microtubules.

Table 2 The extended tubulin superfamilya

	γ-tubulin	δ-tubulin	ε-tubulin	η-tubulin	ζ-tubulin
humans	+	+	+
frogs	+	+	+
flies	+
nematodes	+
ciliates	+	+	+	+
trypanosomes	+	+	+		+

a Additional tubulins identified by homology43 are not listed here.

O'Toole ET, Giddings TH, McIntosh JR, Dutcher SK. Three-dimensional organization of basal bodies from wild-type and delta-tubulin deletion strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mol Biol Cell 2003; 14:2999 - 3012

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ishikawa H, Kubo A, Tsukita S, Tsukita S. Odf2-deficient mother centrioles lack distal/subdistal appendages and the ability to generate primary cilia. Nat Cell Biol 2005; 7:517 - 524

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hinchcliffe EH, Miller FJ, Cham M, Khodjakov A, Sluder G. Requirement of a centrosomal activity for cell cycle progression through G1 into S phase. Science 2001; 291:1547 - 1550

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Khodjakov A, Rieder CL. Centrosomes enhance the fidelity of cytokinesis in vertebrates and are required for cell cycle progression. J Cell Biol 2001; 153:237 - 242

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wilson PG, Borisy GG. Maternally expressed gamma Tub37CD in Drosophila is differentially required for female meiosis and embryonic mitosis. Dev Biol 1998; 199:273 - 290

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kerssemakers JW, Laura Munteanu E, Laan L, Noetzel TL, Janson ME, Dogterom M. Assembly dynamics of microtubules at molecular resolution. Nature 2006; 442:709 - 712

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Strnad P, Leidel S, Vinogradova T, Euteneuer U, Khodjakov A, Gonczy P. Regulated HsSAS-6 levels ensure formation of a single procentriole per centriole during the centrosome duplication cycle. Dev Cell 2007; 13:203 - 213

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar