Regulation of claudins in blood-tissue barriers under physiological and pathological states

Figures & data

Figure 1. Schematic representation of claudin proteins. Claudins have four transmembrane spanning regions, two extracellular loops, one intracellular domain, with the amino and carboxyl terminus oriented toward the cytoplasm.

Table 1. Claudin expression changes in blood-brain and blood-retinal barriers in several neuroinflammatory diseases

Barrier	Claudin	Expression	Alterations
Brain
BBB	Claudin-1	mRNA and protein detected in mouse^57 and human^72	Expression suppressed in brain tumor vessels^72
	Claudin-3	mRNA and protein detected in mouse^57 and human^73	Loss of the TJ strands in a MS animal model and in brain tumor vessels^73
	Claudin-5	mRNA and protein detected in mouse^18^,^57^,^63 and human^72	Knockout mice have selective blood–brain barrier dysfunction for molecules < 800 Da;^63 Decreased expression^124 and subcellular redistribution^114 in a MS animal model
	Claudin-12	High mRNA levels in mice embryos, relative low expression in adult tissue^63	No known alteration
BCSFB	Claudin-1	mRNA and protein detected in mouse,^75 rat^152 and human^76	No known alteration
	Claudin-2	mRNA and protein detected in mouse,^75 rat^152 and human^76	No known alteration
	Claudin-3	mRNA and protein detected in rat and human^76	No known alteration
	Claudin-11	Protein detected in mouse^75	No known alteration
Retina
iBRB	Claudin-1	mRNA and protein detected in mouse,^77 rat^79 and rabbit^78	No known alteration
	Claudin-2	mRNA and protein detected in mouse^77	Overexpression in OIR animal model^77
	Claudin-5	mRNA and protein detected in mouse^77 and rat^79^,^130	Overexpression in OIR animal model;^77 Reduced expression and subcellular redistribution in diabetes animal models^79^,^132^,^136^,^137
oBRB	Claudin-1	mRNA and protein detected in chick embryo^80^,^81	Increased expression after ER stress induction;^141 Subcellular redistribution after high glucose and IL-1β exposure^95
	Claudin-2	mRNA and protein detected in chick embryo^80^,^82	No known alteration
	Claudin-3	mRNA and protein detected in human^83^,^84	No known alteration
	Claudin-4L2	mRNA detected in chick embryo^81	No known alteration
	Claudin-5	mRNA and protein detected in chick embryo^80^,^81	No known alteration
	Claudin-10b	mRNA and protein detected in human^84	No known alteration
	Claudin-11	mRNA detected in chick embryo^81	No known alteration
	Claudin-12	mRNA and protein detected in chick embryo^80	No known alteration
	Claudin-19	mRNA and protein detected in human^83^,^84	siRNA against claudin-19 eliminates TER in vitro;^83 Mutations in claudin-19 gene cause renal hypomagnesemia with severe visual impairment^68
	Claudin-20	mRNA detected in chick embryo^81^,^82	No known alteration

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