The role of sport in reflecting and shaping group dynamics: The “intergroup relations continuum” and its application to Fijian rugby and soccer

Highlights

•	This study constructs the intergroup relations continuum as a conceptual model and tool for use in mapping the status quo of intergroup relations.
•	Combined qualitative methods were used to investigate the role of sport in intergroup relations across the ethnically divided nation of Fiji.
•	In Fiji the framing of sport was found to be instrumental in affecting intergroup relations both positively and negatively.
•	The results of this investigation are discussed and depicted with the use of the intergroup relations continuum to display its efficacy.

Abstract

A significant body of knowledge exists around the role of intergroup relations in sport for development and peace (SFDP). However, while numerous SFDP researchers have investigated overt conflict, scholars have typically overlooked the varied nature of intergroup relations in comparatively stable SFDP environments. In addressing that issue, the authors explore intergroup relations in the context of Fiji, a country which in recent years has moved from a society characterized by the politics of coup d'état to democratic government and relatively peaceful social relations. That said, Fiji has long been shaped by a fundamental cultural divide between Indigenous Fijians (iTaukei) and Fijians of Indian ancestry (Indo-Fijians): this is reflected in the de facto separatism between these groups in relation to their role in rugby union and Association football (soccer). The authors present a qualitative framework—the Intergroup Relations Continuum (IRC)—by which to map intergroup relations as they apply in Fiji according to identity, ethnicity and sport. While the IRC is applied here in a Fijian context, the model is intended to be generalizable, aiming to provide a practical instrument for researchers, sport managers, policymakers and local stakeholders. The goal is to allow them to visually illustrate group affinities, rivalries, and sensibilities in terms of collective relationships that characterize sport and society.

Keywords:

• Intergroup relations
• Fiji
• Ethnic division
• Sport management
• Sport for development and peace
• Integration

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the help and advice of Dr. Yoko Kanemasu and Dr. Mohit Prasad of the University of the South Pacific for their help and advice throughout this research. We would also like to thank the wonderful people of Fiji for their time, trust and valuable contributions and insights into the role of sport in life across the islands.

Notes

1 ITaukei is another term for Indigenous Fijian(s), both terms are used interchangeably in Fiji, and within extracts in this research. Where possible, “indigenous Fijians” is used to determine this groups distinctiveness.

2 “Rugby” will be used as an umbrella term for rugby union, rugby league, and rugby sevens unless otherwise stated.

3 The term “soccer” is used to refer to Association football. “Football” may appear in the interview excerpts, but for the purposes of clarity the terms soccer is extrapolated.

4 Pseudonym of a rugby team based in Fiji’s capital, Suva.