Poor responses to oseltamivir treatment in a patient with influenza A (H7N9) virus infection

Abstract

In March 2013, the cases of human infection with influenza A of H7N9 subtype were first reported. Preliminary data suggested that the H7N9 isolates are sensitive to neuraminidase inhibitors, such as oseltamivir, which is the recommended choice of treatment. On April 2^nd, a 56-year-old male patient was presented with fever and cough to our hospital. He had previous history of close contact with another H7N9 patient. After caring for his wife (a confirmed H7N9 infection case died on April 3^rd), this patient showed flu like symptoms on April 2^nd. On the same day, oseltamivir (75 mg bid) treatment was started. Throat swab specimens were screened for H7N9 virus by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The patient was hospitalized on April 4^th. Initial specimens on April 4^th and April 5^th were negative for H7N9. But the specimen collected on April 10^th was tested positive for H7N9. The result was confirmed by Shanghai Municipal Center of Disease Control and Prevention. By April 25^th when we submitted this report, swab specimens of this patient were still positive for H7N9. This case calls for increased awareness of potential resistance of H7N9 to oseltamivir.

• influenza A
• H7N9
• contact
• oseltamivir
• neuraminidase inhibitors

Introduction

Many subtypes of Influenza A viruses normally circulate in wild birds and generally do not cause diseases. But when they were transmitted into domestic poultry, the viruses can cause diseases in the new hosts.^1,2 On rare occasions, the viruses can cause diseases in humans who were exposed to infected poultry.^1,3 Influenza viruses are segmented RNA viruses. Subtypes of the viruses are defined according to the types of hemagglutinin (H1 to H17) and of neuraminidase (N1 to N9) encoded by two of the eight RNA segments.² When more than one subtype of influenza A virus are infecting a single animal cell, different segments of RNA from different influenza viruses can be packed in a single viral particle. This mixing of genetic materials results in a novel combination of RNA segments.² The novel influenza virus can have a new host-range.

In March 2013, the cases of human infection with influenza A of H7N9 subtype were reported.^4,5,6,7 Genetic analysis of human H7N9 isolates indicates that the virus contains a novel combination of segments from duck and two wild birds.^4,5 The H7N9 infections have a high rate of morbidity and mortality.^4,5,6,7 As of April 17^th, 21% (n=17) of the confirmed cases have died of acute respiratory distress syndrome or multiple organ failure; 73% (n=60) confirmed cases remained critically ill.⁷ Preliminary data suggest that the H7N9 isolates are sensitive to treatment with neuraminidase inhibitors,^4,5,8 such as oseltamivir, which is the recommended choice of treatment.⁹ Previous studies indicate that oseltamivir treatment within 8 days of symptom onset is effective to treat human infection with H5N1 virus, which is also an avian virus and causes severe illness.¹⁰ Most of the reported H7N9 infections received oseltamivir treatment within 6 days (median) of disease onset.⁷ Yet, nearly half of them developed acute respiratory distress syndrome.⁷ In this article, we describe the clinical outcome of one confirmed case of H7N9 who has received oseltamivir treatment on the same day as the onset of illness.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Infected subject: on April 2^nd this patient developed systemic inflammatory response syndrome after an episode of nonproductive cough, fever >38.5 °C, and drowsiness. He was under close observation because he had taken care of his wife, who fell critically ill on March 27^th, died on April 3^rd and was confirmed on April 4^th to have H7N9 infection. For precautious purpose, we initiated oseltamivir on April 2^nd. Respiratory specimens obtained from the patient were tested for influenza and other respiratory viruses by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. We also obtained and analyzed clinical, epidemiologic, and virological data from this patient.

RESULTS

On April 2^nd we administered oseltamivir as initial treatment. Initial specimens on April 4^th (day 1 in hospital) and April 5^th (day 2) were negative for H7N9. But the patient's symptoms worsened. On April 5^th, the patient remained conscious but he was in a state of hypoxemia, tachypnea, tachycardia, and his body temperature fluctuated between 37.5 °C–39 °C. Hematological and biochemical laboratory tests showed pH 7.47, PaCO₂ 4.70 kPa, leukocyte count of 5480 with 68.0% neutrophils, prothrombin time 18.0 sec, activated partial thromboplastin time 49 sec, creatine kinase 290.0 U/L, and normal renal and hepatic function tests. Computed tomography (CT) on April 4^th showed bilateral lower lung inflammatory exudation associated with acute lung injury (Figure 1). On April 5^th, the patient was treated with oseltamivir, moxifloxacin, piperacillin and tazobactam.

Figure 1 CT scan on April 4^th, 2013 showed bilateral lower lung inflammatory exudation.

As the disease progressed further, the patient became critically ill. CT scan on April 6^th (day 3) and April 15^th (day 12) showed expanded lesions (Figures 2 and 3). The patient developed severe hypoxemia and was incubated for mechanical ventilation. On April 10^th (day 7), throat swab specimens were tested positive for A/H7N9 influenza virus. This result was confirmed by Shanghai Municipal Center of Disease Control and Prevention. The patient continued to receive treatment and was tested daily from his throat swab specimens for H7N9 virus. At the time of writing (April 25^th), the patient's specimen remained H7N9 positive and the patient's condition remained critical.

Figure 2 CT scan on April 6^th, 2013 showed advanced bilateral lungs lesion with consolidation and exudation.

Figure 3 April 9^th–15^th chest radiographs: ground-glass opacity was observed on every graph. No significant improvement after treatment. (A): April 9^th. (B): April 10^th. (C): April 11^st. (D): April 12^nd. (E): April 14^th. (F): April 15^th.

This patient's wife had a confirmed H7N9 infection. She developed symptoms of fever and pneumonia beginning on March 27^th and died on April 3^rd. She was a house wife and visited a food market almost every day, where live poultry was sold. She had 31 close contacts who have been monitored for possible H7N9 infection. The patient and his sister-in-law presented with flu-like symptoms after caring for patient's wife. The sister tested negative for A/H7N9 influenza virus and her symptoms resolved shortly afterward. The patient and his sister-in-law did not have a history of frequent visits to the market. They did not report having close contact with live poultry before the onset of symptoms.

DISCUSSION

The disease caused by the novel avian influenza A (H7N9) is of significant public health concern because of the high mortality of the infection in humans.^5,6,7,11 Oseltamivir is the first choice of treatment for human influenza A infection recommended by National Health and Family Planning Commission of China.⁹ But its effectiveness on human influenza A (H7N9) is unknown. Here we report a confirmed case of human H7N9 infection that did not respond to oseltamivir very well. Clinical outcomes were not favorable despite the use of oseltamivir. H7N9 virus was detected from throat swab specimens on day 8 post treatment, while no virus was detected during the first six day of disease onset and treatment.

Chan et al. reported that initiation of oseltamivir before onset of respiratory failure is effective in treating human H5N1 infection, whereas oseltamivir initiation during the time of advanced respiratory failure that requires ventilator support is ineffective.¹² For the current case of human H7N9 infection, the patient did not experience any advanced respiratory failure when he was put on the oseltamivir treatment. Nevertheless, he went on to develop severe hypoxemia 11 days after the oseltamivir treatment and required ventilation support. A review of human H7N9 cases found that nearly half of the oseltamivir treated patients developed respiratory failure during treatment.⁷ Thus the effectiveness of oseltamivir to treat human H7N9 is questionable. The median age of the human H7N9 cases (63 years old) reported so far is significantly higher than that of the individuals in the H5N1 study (18 years old).⁷ Further investigation is necessary to determine whether age or other factors may contribute to the effectiveness of oseltamivir in treating human H7N9 infection.

Oseltamivir-resistant influenza A virus from humans and wild birds have been reported.¹³ The sequence of the H7N9 virus isolated from our case is not available. But sequencing analysis of human isolates from other patients indicates that H7N9 should be sensitive to oseltamivir.⁸

Preliminary epidemiological study of 82 confirmed human H7N9 cases provides no strong evidence for human-to-human H7N9 transmission.⁷ The same study, however, acknowledges that limited human-to-human H7N9 transmission is possible after “prolonged, unprotected and close” contact with another suspected H7N9 individual.⁷ The incubation period of human H7N9 infection is estimated to be six days.⁷ In our case, the patient developed symptoms six days after his wife had fever. Both the patient and his wife had confirmed H7N9 infection. Study of human volunteer challenged with influenza A virus indicates that flu symptom and virus shedding initiate and peak together within 1 day.¹⁴ Thus, the onset of patient's symptom was consistent with the possibility that patient have acquired the H7N9 infection from his wife. The patient's history of having unprotected, prolonged and close contacts with a confirmed H7N9 case further increased the likelihood that he acquired the H7N9 infection from another human. Two family clusters were reported.⁷ However, H7N9 infection could not be confirmed in the index case of one cluster and in the initial case of another cluster.⁷ In the current report, the patient and his wife both had confirmed H7N9 infection. The transmissibility of H7N9 among humans, however, is likely to be very weak, since only one of 31 close contacts beside the patient developed any flu-like symptoms.⁷ That person was H7N9-negative and the symptom quickly resolved. We could not determine whether the patient and his wife were exposed to a common or a different source of H7N9, despite the fact that the patient reported no exposure to live poultry. Further investigation of this family cluster may help definitively determine the source of H7N9 infection of our present case.

In summary, we reported the first case of family cluster in which the initial case and the subsequent case both have confirmed H7N9 infection. We also described the ineffectiveness of oseltamivir to control disease progress in this case of human H7N9 infection, despite the fact that the treatment was initiated on the same day as the disease onset.