Optimal Suturing Technique and Number of Sutures for Surgical Implantation of Acoustic Transmitters in Juvenile Salmonids

Abstract

The size reduction of acoustic transmitters has led to a reduction in the length of the incision needed to implant a transmitter. Smaller suture knot profiles and fewer sutures may be adequate for closing an incision used to surgically implant an acoustic transmitter. As a result, faster surgery times and reduced tissue trauma could lead to increased survival and decreased infection for implanted fish. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of five suturing techniques on mortality, tag and suture retention, incision openness, ulceration, and redness in juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha implanted with acoustic transmitters. Suturing was performed by three surgeons, and study fish were held at two water temperatures (12°C and 17°C). Mortality was low and tag retention was high for all treatments on all examination days (7, 14, 21, and 28 d postsurgery). Because there was variation by surgeon in suture retention among treatments, further analyses included only the one surgeon who received feedback training in all suturing techniques. Incision openness and tissue redness did not differ among treatments. The only difference observed among treatments was in tissue ulceration. Incisions closed with a horizontal mattress pattern had more ulcerations than did other treatments among fish held for 28 d at 17°C. Results from this study suggest that one simple interrupted 1 × 1 × 1 × 1 suture is adequate for closing incisions on fish under most circumstances. However, in dynamic environments, two simple interrupted 1 × 1 × 1 × 1 sutures should provide adequate incision closure. Reducing bias in survival and behavior tagging studies is important when making comparisons with the migrating salmon population. Therefore, by minimizing the effects of tagging on juvenile salmon (reduced tissue trauma and reduced surgery time) researchers can more accurately estimate survival and behavior.

Received December 6, 2010; accepted May 4, 2011

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Funding for the research described in this report was provided by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Portland District. The authors thank John Skalski of the University of Washington for scientific and statistical advice. Piper Benjamin, Scott Carpenter, Jessica Carter, Kathleen Carter, Andrea Currie, Gayle Dirkes, Greg Gaulke, Marybeth Gay, Andrew Gingerich, Jill Janak, Kasey Knox, Andy LeBarge, Bob Mueller, Jennifer Panther, Brett Pflugrath, Andy Solcz, John Stephenson, and Christa Woodley of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory provided valuable assistance. Animal facilities were certified by the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care; fish were handled in accordance with federal guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals, and protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, Battelle–Pacific Northwest Division. Reference to trade names does not imply endorsement by Battelle or the U.S. Government.