Persistent Organic Pollutants in Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Columbia River Basin: Implications for Stock Recovery

Abstract

Among the populations of Pacific salmon and steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss (anadromous Rainbow Trout) that inhabit the Columbia River basin there are currently 13 Evolutionarily Significant Units listed as threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. While habitat loss, dams, overharvest, and climate change have been implicated in declining abundance of Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha in the Columbia River, chemical contaminants represent an additional, yet poorly understood, conservation threat. In this study we measured concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in juvenile Chinook Salmon from various Columbia River stocks and life history types to evaluate the potential for adverse effects in these threatened and endangered fish. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs), recognized contaminants of concern in the Columbia basin, are the primary focus of this paper; other contaminants found in these fish, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are described in other publications. We frequently detected PCBs and DDTs in juvenile salmon and salmon diet samples from the lower Columbia River and estuary. In some cases, concentrations in salmon were above estimated thresholds for effects on growth and survival. The tidal freshwater portion of the estuary, between Portland, Oregon, and Longview, Washington, appeared to be an important source of contaminants for juvenile salmon and a region in which salmon were exposed to toxicants associated with urban development and industrial activity. Highest concentrations of PCBs were found in fall Chinook Salmon stocks with subyearling life histories, including populations from the upper Columbia and Snake rivers, which feed and rear in the tidal freshwater and estuarine portions of the river for extended periods. Spring Chinook Salmon stocks with yearling life histories that migrate more rapidly through the estuary generally had low PCB concentrations, but high concentrations of DDTs. Lipid content was low (<1%) in many of the fish examined, contributing to high lipid-adjusted contaminants concentrations in some samples.

Received November 28, 2011; accepted August 8, 2012

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We appreciate the chemical and data analyses provided by Jennie Bolton, Daryle Boyd, Richard Boyer, Ron Pearce, and Karen Tilbury and the assistance with fish collection provided by Dan Lomax, David Baldwin, Mark Myers, Tony Ramirez, Kate Macneale, and Maryjean Willis. Laurie Weitkamp provided spring Chinook Salmon samples for chemical analyses. Joe Dietrich provided valuable information on land-use and exposure profiles for Chinook Salmon stocks. David Kuligowski, Tricia Lundrigan, and Paul Moran contributed to the genetic analysis in this study. We also thank Jill Leary, Krista Jones, and Catherine Corbett for their support and guidance in carrying out this study in collaboration with the Lower Columbia River Estuary Partnership, and Rob Neely and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Response and Restoration for their collaboration in collecting samples from the Portland area. Funding for this study was provided in part by the Lower Columbia Estuary Partnership and the Bonnevillle Power Administration.