Genetic Composition of the Warm Springs River Chinook Salmon Population Maintained following Eight Generations of Hatchery Production

Abstract

Balancing the disparate objectives of fishery augmentation and conservation of an endemic fish population presents a substantial challenge. In the case of Warm Springs National Fish Hatchery (Warm Springs Hatchery), strategies for achieving both objectives included incorporation of natural fish into the hatchery broodstock and restricting proportions of hatchery fish on the spawning grounds. The hatchery has been more successful in implementing the latter than the former. We analyzed 76 single nucleotide polymorphism markers in Spring Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha collected from the Warm Springs River in 1976–1977 (prior to hatchery production) and 2001–2011 (posthatchery) to examine whether the genetic characteristics of the endemic population had changed during that time. Pre- and posthatchery collections clustered together when compared with those from Round Butte Hatchery, which has a nearby segregated program, and other Columbia River populations. The difference between pre- and posthatchery collections was nonsignificant, but posthatchery samples exhibited significantly lower expected heterozygosity. We observed some evidence of reduced effective size and increased genetic drift in fish produced at Warm Springs Hatchery (relative to natural-origin fish) and even stronger evidence of this in fish produced at Round Butte Hatchery. We conclude that natural-origin Chinook Salmon returning to the Warm Springs River form a distinct group within the interior Columbia Basin spring-run lineage and have changed very little over the past eight generations. We further speculate that differences between hatchery- and natural-origin fish at Warm Springs Hatchery are expected to increase if hatchery operations remain static (i.e., little integration of natural-origin fish and incorporation of Round Butte Hatchery fish in the broodstock).

Received February 11, 2014; accepted May 30, 2014

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was made possible through sample collection efforts of Roger Sorensen, Mary Bayer, Doug Olsen, Denise Hawkins, Maureen Hess, and Jack Palmer. Andrew Matala generously provided genotype data for reference populations and allele-naming conventions to facilitate data standardization. Both DNA extraction and SNP genotyping were conducted by Brice Adams and Jennifer Von Bargen. Figure 1 was created by Victoria O’Byrne and David Hines. Helpful comments on previous drafts of this manuscript were provided by Patty Crandell, Patrick DeHaan, three anonymous reviewers, and the associate editor. Funding was provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Region. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the institutions with which they are affiliated.