Life History Diversity of Steelhead in Two Coastal Washington Watersheds

Abstract

We used PIT tags implanted in juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss to monitor movement into and out of two coastal Washington State rivers, East Twin River and West Twin River. Movement patterns revealed at least 18 life histories of steelhead O. mykiss with variations in age and seasonal migration of juveniles, juvenile use of the ocean prior to migration, years spent in the ocean, season of adult return, and iteroparity. While most migrants left the river in their first fall or winter, we did not detect any returning adults from these age-0 migrants. Adults were only produced from age-1 and older migrants, of which most were age-2 spring migrants that returned after two summers in the ocean. Our results indicated a positive relationship between fish length at tagging and the probability of being detected as a migrant, while the probability of a migrant leaving at age 1 and older decreased with increasing length at tagging among fish that were detected as migrants. We hypothesize that fish attaining a large enough size early in life to survive over the winter but not big enough to trigger migration at age 0 were more likely to remain in the river to become age-1 migrants, which were more likely to produce a returning adult steelhead. We also found evidence that density-dependent growth may influence juvenile steelhead migration patterns and production of migrants as evidenced by increasing contributing-adult steelhead escapement being negatively related to average cohort body size, probabilities of fish being detected as migrants, and production of age-1 and older migrants. We anticipate that the findings of this study can be used to inform the development of steelhead recovery strategies for East Twin and West Twin rivers, which have experienced recent declines in adult returns much like other North Pacific Ocean stocks.

Received January 20, 2016; accepted May 18, 2016 Published online August 5, 2016

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank the many people who were involved in fish collection and tagging efforts including R. Holland and J. Walter. Funding for this project was provided by the Washington Department of Ecology and NOAA Fisheries. We also thank M. Liermann for providing assistance with data analysis; and C. Greene, C. Phillis, I. Tattam, A. Hall, and two anonymous reviewers for providing valuable feedback on earlier versions of this manuscript.