Analysis of Pesticides by Flow Injection Coupled with Chemiluminescent Detection: A Review

Abstract

The analyses of pesticides carried out by coupling flow injection analysis with chemiluminescence (CL) detection during the last ten years are reported in this review. The review is divided into three sections devoted to the different families of pesticides, namely, organophosphorus, carbamates (together with dithiocarbamates), and other pesticides from the remaining groups. Relevant analytical data such as limits of detection, dynamic ranges, recoveries, and sample pretreatments are recorded in three tables. Descriptions about the fundamentals of the CL systems used, and new promising approaches such as photoinduced chemiluminescence (PICL), multicommutation, and molecular connectivity are also included.

Keywords:

• Chemiluminescence
• Environmental analysis
• Flow injection analysis
• Pesticides
• Review

Acknowledgments

This paper was submitted as part of a Special Issue on Flow Injection Analysis.

Notes

DR: dynamic range; LOD: limit of detection.

AChE: acetylcholinesterase; CTAB: Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide; PEG: Polyethylene Glycol 400; Ru(bpy): tris(2,2′bipyridine)ruthenium(II); SDBS: Sodium dodecyl bencene sulfonate.

NR: Not reported or unnecessary pretreatment; r: recovery rate; SPE: solid phase extraction.

^a Multicommutation.

^b Media used for pesticide photodegradation.

^c Continuous flow.

DR: dynamic range; LOD: limit of detection.

AChE: acetylcholinesterase; Ru(bpy): tris(2,2′bipyridine)ruthenium(II); SDBS: sodium dodecyl bencene sulfonate; TCPO: bis-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate.

NR: not reported or unnecessary pretreatment; r: recovery rate; SPE: solid phase extraction.

^a Multicommutation.

^b Media used for pesticide photodegradation.

DR: dynamic range; LOD: limit of detection.

DMF: dimethylformamide; HRP: horseradish peroxidase; PIP: p-iodophenol; TP: tobacco peroxidase.

NR: Not reported or unnecessary pretreatment; r: recovery rate; Ru(bpy): tris(2,2′ bipyridine)ruthenium (II); SPE: solid phase extraction.

^a Multicommutation.

^b Media used for pesticide photodegradation.

^c Continuous flow.