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ABSTRACT
The preparation of bismuth-modified sol-gel microspheres and their application as blends with graphite ink is reported for the determination of lead(II) and cadmium(II) by stripping voltammetry. The effects of synthetic conditions on the size of the microspheres and the printing properties of the blends were examined. The electrochemical performance of the screen-printing electrodes was also characterized. After a preconcentration period of 240 sec, the limit of detection was 1.2 mg/L for lead(II) and 1.4 mg/L for cadmium(II), while the reproducibility was 5.6% for 10.4 mg/L lead (n = 5) and 3.7% for 5.6 mg/L cadmium(II) (n = 5). The effects of interferences were also examined and the sensors were successfully employed for the determination of lead(II) and cadmium(II) in water.