Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) with Thermal Lens Spectrometry (TLS) for the Rapid Determination of Cefoperazone in Urine and Water

Abstract

An analytical method combining flow-injection analysis (FIA) with thermal-lens spectrometry (TLS) has been developed for high-throughput and sensitive analysis of cefoperazone (CPZ) in tap water and urine samples. The method is based on the indirect determination of CPZ through its alkaline oxidation with KMnO₄. The performance of FIA-TL was validated for the determination of CPZ in the samples. The experimental parameters affecting the reaction were studied and optimized by a multivariate method. The calibration curves for the determination of CPZ were obtained considering the optimum values of the parameters. The detection limits were 2.70·10⁻⁷mol L⁻¹, 4.88·10⁻⁷mol L⁻¹, and 1.89·10⁻⁷mol L⁻¹, in standard solution, tap water, and urine, respectively. This work reports a new solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure for the analysis of urine. The accuracy of the analytical method was assessed by spike and recovery experiments. The precision was evaluated with inter-day and intra-day trials. The FIA-TLS method shows advantages over the batch conventional operation, such as high sensitivity, simple processing, low volume consumption, and high sample throughput (60 samples hr⁻¹). The optimized FIA-TLS method may be applied for fast and sensitive quantitation of CPZ in real samples in flowing media.

Keywords:

• Antibiotics
• cefoperazone
• flow injection analysis (FIA)
• solid-phase extraction (SPE)
• thermal lens spectrometry (TLS)

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, Chile [FONDECYT Grant 1161132] and Universidad de Concepción [VRID # 219.021.037-INV].

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, Chile [FONDECYT Grant 1161132] and Universidad de Concepción [VRID # 219.021.037-INV].