Graphene-Based Nanomaterial Electrochemical Biosensors for the Determination of the H3N2 Virus

Abstract

Since influenza and COVID-19 cause similar symptoms, the need for selective, sensitive and practical systems for influenza A detection has been highlighted. For this reason, in this work, a graphene (Gr) based nanomaterial modified anti-hemagglutinine 3, from now on will be called Gr-antiH3, based disposible electrochemical influenza immunosensor was developed. In order to obtain the highest sensitivity, the effects of various Gr-based nanomaterials on developed electrochemical immunosensor responses were investigated. For this purpose, graphene oxide, Gr, Gr-platinum (Gr-Pt), Gr-gold and Gr-gold-platinum nanomaterials were synthesized and characterized via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). As a result, since the best results were obtained with Gr-Pt, this nanomaterial was integrated into H3N2 immunosensor system as a modifier. The Gr-Pt modified immunosensor was shown to provide a linear range from 0.5 µg/mL to 7 µg/mL. The limit of detection was 0.38 µg/mL and limit of quantification was 1.28 µg/mL with a relative standard deviation of 3.05%. The developed biosensor was applied to H3N2 detection in synthetic saliva samples and promising results were obtained with recoveries of 100.41 ± 1.10%.

Keywords:

• Electrochemical biosensor
• electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)
• graphene
• graphene-Pt
• H3N2 virus
• influenza A
• Nyquist plot

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Data availability statement

Data will be made available on request.

Additional information

Funding

We greatly acknowledge TUBITAK for 2211-C priority area PhD scholarship and Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University BAP Project Department for 19/076/09/1/1 grant for financial support.