Offering themselves by chance: Newcomen’s starting materials

ABSTRACT

At some point between 1684 and 1698 a Dartmouth tradesman started to perform experiments with the power of steam in his workshop. In the course of this investigation Thomas Newcomen discovered how to cause a partial vacuum by rapid condensation under a piston and incorporated this prime mover within an engine that was consistently reliable and proved commercially viable for draining mines.

Consensus is that his initial apparatus was partly derived from an air pump, however historians have debated how this isolated ironmonger could have garnered sufficient theoretical understanding to pursue such a line of enquiry, let alone the know-how to make suitable devices and mechanisms. Just how remote was Newcomen from London ‘science’?

This paper examines his relational connections, identifying potential links with Denis Papin, Robert Hooke and an authority on mine pumps, Christopher Kirkby. The case of Newcomen illustrates the proliferation of modern ideas and values through relational networks, and, most importantly, the know-how to innovate.

KEYWORDS:

• Newcomen
• Worsley
• Hooke
• Boyle
• Papin
• Kirkby

Acknowledgments

I would particularly like to thank Michael Hunter for his inspiration to explore one small aspect of the legacy of Robert Boyle, for alerting me to David Wootton’s book, for guidance with matters Boylean and above all for his generous feedback on this paper. Likewise Michelle DiMeo, Felicity Henderson and Thomas Leng have been among many who have supported on points of detail. Jack Goldstone has provided continuous encouragement to the overall project to which this paper belongs; Tony Liddell kindly allowed me the use of his library; Katherine Marshall and Louisiane Ferlier of the Royal Society provided access to archival material, likewise Emily Burgoyne of the Angus Library. Peer reviewers, formal and informal, contribute the constraints to ensure ratiocination, relevance and readability. Any opinions herein expressed are provisional, based on the evidence so far discovered.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1 Benjamin Worsley, ‘[Worsley?] to [Boyle?]', in The Hartlib Papers, ed. by University of Sheffield (The Digital Humanities Institute, undated [Late 1658-Early 1659]). fol. 42/1/32B. Identification see Thomas Leng, Benjamin Worsley 1618–1677: Trade, Interest and the Spirit in Revolutionary England, (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2008), p. 114.

2 Robert Boyle, ‘The First Part: Of Its Usefulnesse in Reference to the Minde of Man', in Some Considerations Touching the Usefulnesse of Experimental Naturall Philosophy, (Oxford: Ricard Davis, 1663), pp. 1–127, Index (p. 112).

3 Robert Hooke, ‘Of the True Method of Building a Solid Philosophy or of a Philosophical Algebra', in The Posthumous Works of Robert Hooke, ed. by Richard Waller (London: Sam. Smith and Benj. Walford, 1705 [c 1666]), p. 18 (p. 18).

4 ‘immanes vires motrices’ in Denis Papin, ‘Nova Methodus Ad Vires Motrices Validissimas Levi Pretio Comparandas', Acta Eruditorum Lipsæ 1690, (August 1690), 412. l. 15.

5 James Lovelock and Bryan Appleyard, Novacene: The Coming Age of Hyperintelligence, (London: Allen Lane, 2019), pp. 33–36, 128.

6 John Farey, A Treatise on the Steam Engine, (London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1827), pp. 126–27.; Cort Maclean Johns, The Industrial Revolution - Lost in Antiquity - Found in the Renaissance, (United States: LuLu, 2021), pp. 45, 293, 99, 303–04, 16, 71, 99; Harry Kitsikopoulos, ‘From Hero to Newcomen: The Critical Scientific and Technological Developments That Led to the Invention of the Steam Engine', Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, (2013); Zhang Ce and Jianming Yang, A History of Mechanical Engineering, (Singapore: Springer, 2020), p. 75; Matt Ridley, How Innovation Works and Wyhy It Flourishes in Freedom, (London, 2020); Carly Sanker and Robert Hanton, Block by Block: The Historical and Theoretical Foundations of Thermodynamics, (Oxford University Press, 2020), pp. 303–04.

7 Thomas Barney, ‘The Steam Engine near Dudley Castle', (Wolverhampton: T. Barney, 1719). illustrated 56 design features of the 1712 engine, most innovative, all correctly proportioned and integrated: the ‘Engine to raise Water by Fire’ was far more than a vacuum-powered piston, it was a turn-key system.

8 Viz. Alan Smith, ‘‘Engines Moved by Fire and Water': The Contribution of Fellows of the Royal Society to the Development of Steam Power, 1675–1733', Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 66 (1994), 15. ‘The steam engine did not emerge from a logical sequence of philosophical investigation. But nor did it arise, full arm’d from the lonely efforts of a lonely provincial ironmonger. Rather it evolved, from the abstract gleam in the mind of a philosopher, through a complex maze of speculation and ingenuity, every step in which was necessary, but none alone sufficient: until the challenge of the practical problems of mining evoked a workable solution, devised from tried principles and available components by ‘a very honest, good man’.’

9 Graham Hollister-Short, ‘The Formation of Knowledge Concerning Atmospheric Pressure and Steam Power in Europe from Aleotti (1589) to Papin (1690)', History of Technology, 25 (2004), 148. Air pumps and gunpowder used cylinders with basal holes, but not Papin’s steam piston: James Greener, ‘A Particular Act of Providence: Newcomen’s Speedy Vacuum', Transactions of the 2nd International Early Engines Conference, 1 (2021), 40–43.

10 Philippe de la Hire, ‘Traité Des Epicycloïdes, Et De Leur Usage Dans Les Mechaniques', in Memoires De Mathematique Et De Physique: Contenant Un Traite Des Epicycloides, & De Leurs Usages Dans Les Mechaniuqes, (Paris: L'Imprimerie Royale, 1694), (pp. 68–72); Venterus Mandey and James Moxon, Mechanick Powers, (London: Venterus Mandey, 1696), pp. 296–97. Fig. CXCIX; Graham Hollister-Short, ‘The Sector and Chain: An Historical Enquiry', History of Technology, 4 (1979), 168–69; Graham Hollister-Short, ‘The Sector and Chain : An Historical Enquiry', Le Journal de La Renaissance, 5 (2007), 27–30, 42; Friedrich Heyn, ‘159 Friedrich Heyn an Leibniz 6 February 1686 / 27 January 1687', in Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Mathematische Und Technische Briefswechsel, Reihe 3 Band 4 (Juli 1683–1690), ed. by Heinz-Jürgen Heß (Hannover: Akademie Verlag, 1686/7), pp. 301–03 (p. 302). l. 12–14; Graham Hollister-Short, ‘Before and after the Newcomen Engine of 1712 : Ideas, Gestalts, Practice', Le Journal de La Renaissance, 5 (2007), 63–64.

11 da Vinci, Leonardo (c.1508) ‘Studi per sollevare i corpi mediante il fuoco’ Bibliothèque de l’Institut de France (BIF) MS F fo. 16v.; (c.1508) Codex Leicester fols. 10r, 15r. Notable is the similarity of 15r. to Roger North’s ‘An Engin to doe any work’s wish by fire & water’: L. T. C. Rolt and J. S. Allen, The Steam Engine of Thomas Newcomen, (Ashbourne: Landmark, 1997), p. 19.

12 da Vinci, Leonardo i.a. (c.1487–90) BIF Ms. B fols. 20r, 53v, 54r; (c.1493–96) Forster Ms. III fol. 541r; Hollister-Short, ‘The Sector and Chain', p. 22 passim; Hollister-Short, ‘Before and after the Newcomen Engine of 1712', pp. 61–64.

13 H. Floris Cohen, ‘Inside Newcomen’s Fire Engine', History of Technology, 25 (2004), 118. This includes the ‘prescriptive λ-knowledge’ (not just of how to address a particular problem but of how to solve any problem): Joel Mokyr, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy, (2002), p. 20.; and ‘attitude and aptitude’ of Joel Mokyr, ‘The Market for Ideas and the Great Enrichment', in Restoring Prosperity, (Hoover Institution, Stanford University, 2017), (p. 4).

14 Samuel Smiles, Industrial Biography: Iron-Workers and Tool-Makers, (London: John Murray, 1863), p. 179. attributes this to Marc Isambard Brunel (1769–1849); ‘c’est quelque chose d'inventer, mais c’est bien plus de répandre l'usage’ is attributed to Guillaume Dupuytren (1777–1835).

15 Mårten Triewald, ‘Kort Beschrifning, Um Eld- Och Luft-Machin Vid Dannemore Gruvor', in Mårten Triewald’s Short Description of the Atmospheric Engine, ed. by Rhys Jenkins (London: The Newcomen Society, 1928 [1734]), (p. 1). §1–2; Greener, ‘A Particular Act of Providence', pp. 34–36. We have evidence that from the 1690s Newcomen was frequently in Exeter, Cornwall, Bristol and occasionally in Worcestershire: time was limited. ‘Far from being a mindless playing around with an apparatus, exploratory experimentation may well be characterized by definite guidelines and epistemic goals.’ Friedrich Steinle, ‘Experiments in History and Philosophy of Science', Perspectives on Science, 10 (2002), 419.

16 ‘The production, maintenance, and transmission of science are undeniably social processes … constitutive of the very nature of science.’: Steven Shapin, The Scientific Revolution, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), p. 200. sic Terence Kealey and Martin Ricketts, ‘The Contribution Good as the Foundation of the Industrial Revolution', Governing Markets as Knowledge Commons, (2021), 26.

17 Thomas Sprat, The History of the Royal-Society of London, for the Improving of Natural Knowledge, (London: J. Martyn and J. Allestry, 1667), p. 427.: we would do well to decouple the principles of patents and secrecy. Francis Bacon, ‘The New Organon or True Directions for the Interpretation of Nature or on the Kingdom of Man', in The New Organon, ed. by Lisa Jardine and Michael Silverthorne (Cambridge, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 26-222 (p. 88). CXIII: ‘men’s labour and efforts (particularly in the acquisition of experience) may be distributed in the most suitable way and then reunited … each man making a different contribution.’

18 Matthew Syed, Black Box Thinking: Why Most People Never Learn from Their Mistakes--but Some Do, (New York: Portfolio, 2015), p. 132. The general allegation is possibly a resort to argumentum ad hominem since the atmospheric engine cannot be explained ad ignorantium.

19 Rhys Jenkins, ‘The Heat Engine Idea in the Seventeenth Century', Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 17 (1936), 2.

20 sic Robert Cameron, A Concise Economic History of the World: From Paleolithic Times to the Present, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 177; Ricardo Duchesne, ‘Defending the Rise of Western Culture against Its Multicultural Critics', The European Legacy, 10 (2005), 455–84; Darwin O. ’Ryan Curtis, The Rumseian Experiment: Being an Account of the Imaginous Mr. Rumsey's Creation of Steamboats During the First Years of Our Republick, (Hagerstown: Hagerstown Bookbinding and Printing Company, 1987), p. 12; Ricardo Duchesne, The Uniqueness of Western Civilization, (Leiden: Brill, 2011), p. 201; Deirdre McCloskey, ‘Tunzelmann, Schumpeter, and the Hockey Stick', Research Policy, 42 (2013), 1706–15.

21 Henry Winram Dickinson, A Short History of the Steam Engine, (Cambridge: Babcock and Wilcox, 1938), p. 33.

22 sic Ian Hacking, Representing and Intervening: Introductory Topics in the Philosophy of Natural Science, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), p. 149. ‘Philosophy of science has so much become philosophy of theory that the very existence of pre-theoretical observations or experiments has been denied.’

23 Robert Boyle, ‘Containing Fome General Considerations About the Means Whereby Experimental Philosophy May Become Useful to Humane Life', in Some Considerations Touching the Usefulnesse of Experimental Philosophy, the Second Part, the Second Section: Of Its Usefulnesse to the Empire of Man over Inferior Creatures, (Oxford: Henry Hall and Richard Davis, 1671), (pp. 2–3).

24 Boyle, Robert (c. 25 April 1666) ‘Containing some generall Considerations about the meanes whereby Experimental Philosophy may become usefull to humane Life’ in London, Royal Society (RS) Boyle Papers (BP) 10, fol. 94 and Boyle Papers 38, fol. 20 Joseph Glanvill, Plus Ultra, (London: James Collins, 1668), p. 105; Robert Boyle, Unpublished Writings, 1645-C.1670, (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2000), p. lxx.

25 Boyle 'That the Goods of Mankind may be much encreased by the Naturalist's Insight into Trades' in Some Considerations touching the Usefulnesse of Experimental Philosophy, The Second Part, The Second Section, pp. 1–2.

26 John Theophilus Desaguliers, A Course of Experimental Philosophy, (London: W. Innys, T. Longman, M. Senex, 1744), pp. 412–15.

27 Lissa Roberts, Simon Schaffer, and Peter Dear, The Mindful Hand: Inquiry and Invention from the Late Renaissance to Early Industrialisation, (Amsterdam: Koninkliijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 2007), p. xx.

28 'Minutes of Meetings', (Royal Society, 1717); ‘An Account of the Inventors or Improvers of the Feveral Parts of the Fire-Engine', in A Course of Experimental Philosophy Vol. 2, ed. by John Theophilus Desaguliers (London: W, Innys, T. Longman, and M. Senex, 1744 [1717]), pp. 532–33 (p. 533).

29 Susan Pierce, Early Voices, (London: Routledge, 2016), pp. 89, 92.

30 Matthew Hunter, Wicked Intelligence: Visual Art and the Science of Experiment in Restoration London, (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2013), p. 218.

31 Hooke, ‘Of the True Method of Building a Solid Philosophy or of a Philosophical Algebra', p. 18.

32 Robert Hooke, ‘An Attempt to Prove the Motion of the Earth from Observations Made', in Lectiones Cutlerianæ, (London: Printed by T. R. for J. Martyn, 1674), ‘To the Reader'. sic Jutta Schickore, ‘Mess in Science and Wicked Problems', Perspectives on Science, 28 (2020), 486.: ‘loose, associative, unrestrained thinking leads to entirely new frameworks’.

33 John Robison, ‘Steam-Engine', in Encyclopædia Britannica, ed. by George Gleig (Edinburgh: Andrew Bell, 1797), pp. 743–72 (p. 747).

34 J. W. Binmore, History of the Baptist Church, Dartmouth, (Dartmouth: Tozer & Co., 1950), p. 2.

35 Joseph Ivimey, A History of the English Baptists, (London, 1814), pp. 134–45. His name is variously spelled Phillipp, Carey, Carie, Carew and Gary.

36 Hugh Watkin, ‘Thomas Newcomen', Devon & Cornwall Notes & Queries, 15 Part 8 (1929), 341–42; Hugh Watkin, ‘Dartmouth: Presentments of Sessions and Leet Juries in 1660–62', Devon & Cornwall Notes & Queries, 26 Part 4 (1930), 179.

37 H. S. Gill, ‘Devonshire Tokens Issued in the Seventeenth Century', Transactions of the Devon Association, 5 (1872), 230. Coin 1967.159.127 in Collection of the American Numismatic Society.

38 Watkin, ‘Thomas Newcomen', pp. 342–43; I. H. Smart, ‘The Dartmouth Residences of Thomas Newcomen and His Family', Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 60 (1988), 149.

39 James A Bennett, ‘The Mechanics' Philosophy and the Mechanical Philosophy', History of Science, 24 (1986), 15–16. infers this generalisation from William Borough, A Discours of the Variation of the Cumpas, or Magneticall Needle, (London: Richard Ballard, 1581). sig. G iii. v. on magnetic variation: ‘the learned sorte might … see what probable causes and grounds they can assigne … [that] it may be reduced into method and rule … some Hypothesis for the salving of this apparent confused irregularity.’ Variation was later found to be not just secular but also temporal: Henry Gellibrand, A Discourse Mathematical on the Variation of the Magneticall Needle, (London: William Jones, 1635), p. 19. How much more complex and imprecise an art was navigation!

40 ‘A large boiler or Alembick’: Sutton Nichols, ‘A Description of the Engine for Raising Water by Fire', (London, 1725); Simon Werrett, Thrifty Science: Making the Most of Materials in the History of Experiment, (Chicago, London: The University of Chicago Press, 2019), p. 31.

41 William Cary was captain or master of Sir Edward Seymour’s 200 ton man-of-war ‘Reformation of Dartmouth’ and owner of ‘William of Topsham’: Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, Charles I, 1628–1629, (London: HMSO, 1859), pp. 294, 95, 302.; Thomas Newcomen was captain of Nicholas Roope’s 250 ton Hercules of Portsmouth ibid. p. 299.; he lost two ships, Defence and Olive, when Dartmouth was taken by Prince Maurice in August 1643: Ray Freeman, Dartmouth, a New History of Its Port and Its People, (Dartmouth: Harbour Books, 1983), p. 70. Sir Edward Seymour was appointed Governor but Dartmouth was soon plagued with typhus: Eric Gruber von Arni, Justice to the Maimed Soldier, (London: Aldgate, 2001), p. 31. Meanwhile Roope ‘raised and armed a troop of 200 soldiers’ to garrison Plymouth for Parliament. Elias Newcomen’s move to Maine was likely at this time and it is possible that, like Thomas Boone, the Cary family took refuge in London until the recapture of Dartmouth in January 1645/6. Mary’s Cary’s first book appeared around July 1645 in which she styled herself ‘Minister of the Gospell’ – improbable in occupied Dartmouth but plausible in the circle around Sarah Jones. Unlike Lady Ranelagh, Worsley and Anna Trapnell, Mary is not mentioned among the file of Sarah Wight’s bedside visitors: Henry Jessey, The Exceeding Riches of Grace Advanced, (London: Henry Overton and Hannah Allen, 1647). Wight’s recovery and Mary’s second publication, A Word in Season to the Kingdom of England; or a Precious Cordiall for a Distempered Kingdom, (London: Giles Calvert, 1647), protesting Parliament’s interrogation of women preachers, both came in June 1647.

42 Philip son of William Carey christened 26 February 1635/6, St. Saviour Dartmouth; Robert Mahaffy, Calendar of the State Papers Relating to Ireland Preserved in the Public Record Office – Adventurers for Land. 1642–1659, (London: HMSO, 1903), pp. 255–60, 350.

43 In 1644 Pendarves was a naval chaplain, Lecturer at Abingdon, then chaplain to Colonel Rainborowe. He was described as an itinerant preacher ‘in houses, barns, under trees, hedges, &c.’: Anthony Wood, Athenæ Oxonienses, (London: Thomas Bennet, 1692), col. 127–128; Richard Carew and Thomas Tonkin, Carew's Survey of Cornwall, (London: T. Bensley, 1811), p. 167; Joseph Foster, Alumni Oxonienses 1500–1714, L-R, (Oxford and London: James Parker & Co., 1891), p. 1140; Larry Kreitzer, William Kiffen and His World (Part 3), (Oxford: Regent's Park College, 2013), pp. 212–56; Larry Kreitzer, ‘The Fifth Monarchist John Pendarves: Chaplain to Colonel Thomas Rainborowe's Regiment of Foot (1645–7)', The Baptist Quarterly, 43 (2009): 112–22.

44 B. White, ‘John Pendarves, the Calvinistic Baptists and The. Fifth Monarchy', Baptist Quarterly, 25 (1973); Anne Laurence, Parliamentary Army Chaplains, 1642–1651, (Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 1990), pp. 51, 162–3; Bernard Capp, The Fifth Monarchy Men: A Study in Seventeenth-Century English Millenarianism, (London: Faber and Faber, 1972), pp. 207–08, 16, 53; Geoffrey Nuttall, ‘Abingdon Revisited', Baptist Quarterly, 36 (1995), 98; Manfred Brod, ‘Dissent and Dissenters in Early Modern Berkshire', (University of Oxford, 2002), Ch. 5 Shooting for Jerusalem: John Pendarves.

45 Marriage 13 November 1656 St. Mary, Aldermary, London; J. B. Whitmore and A. W. Hughes Clarke, London Visitation Pedigrees, (London: Harleian Society, 1940), p. 154; Robert Mahaffy, Calendar of the State Papers Relating to Ireland Preserved in the Public Record Office – 1660–1662, (London: HMSO, 1905), p. 114; Charles Webster, ‘Worsley, Benjamin 1617/18-1677', in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004). They were possibly introduced by Lady Ranelagh. Worsley was later interested in a property in Plymouth with Susan’s uncle Thomas Robert Cary, merchant of Dartmouth, Particular Baptist, by 1653 of Plymouth and by 1655 Quaker: London, National Archives (NA), C 8/157/53 Biggs v Cary (1666); Ivimey (1814), pp. 133–34; George Fox, A Journal or Historial Account of the Lide, Travels, Sufferings, Christian Experiences, and Labour of Love, 1643–1662, (London: Thomas Northcott, 1694), p. 174; Mahaffy, p. 254; Joseph Besse, A Collection of the Sufferings of the People Called Quakers 1650–1689, (London: Luke Hinde, 1753), pp. 146, 51, 55, 61.

46 Leng, pp. 1–12; Peter Elmer, The Miraculous Conformist: Valentine Greatrakes, the Body Politic, and the Politics of Healing in Restoration Britain, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 72.

47 Michelle DiMeo, ‘Katherine Jones, Lady Ranelagh 1615–91: Science and Medicine in a Seventeenth-Century Englishwoman’s Writing', (University of Warwick, 2009), pp. 43–44, 51; Michelle DiMeo, ‘Such a Sister Became Such a Brother’: Lady Ranelagh’s Influence on Robert Boyle', Intellectual History Review, 25 (2014).

48 R. E. W. Maddison, ‘Studies in the Life of Robert Boyle, F.R.S. Part VI the Stalbridge Period, 1645–1655, and the Invisible College', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 18 (1963); Charles Webster, ‘Benjamin Worsley: Engineering for Universal Reform from the Invisible College to the Navigation Act', in Samuel Hartlib and Universal Reformation: Studies in Intellectual Communication, ed. by Mark Greengrass and Michael Leslie (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 213–35 (pp. 220–21). ‘More than any other personal influence, Worsley was responsible for establishing the deep spiritual motivation and broad horizons of Boyle's scientific activities.': Michael Cyril William Hunter, ‘How Boyle Became a Scientist', History of Science, 33 (1995): Michael Cyril William Hunter, Robert Boyle Reconsidered, (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 127; Carol Pal, Republic of Women: Rethinking the Republic of Letters in the Seventeenth Century, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), p. 163; Michael Cyril William Hunter, ‘Robert Boyle's Early Intellectual Evolution: A Reappraisal', Intellectual History Review, 25 (2015).

49 E.g. Robert Boyle and et al., The Correspondence of Robert Boyle, 1636–61, Introduction, (London ; Brookfield, VT: Pickering & Chatto, 2001). pp. 29, 42, 47, 56, 65–66, 88, 174, 208, 229, 241, 247, 266, 267, 270, 275, 276, 301, 344, 478, 492; Correspondence, 1662–5, pp. 361, 522, 69, 656; Correspondence, 1666–7, p. 234; Correspondence, 1668–77, pp. 452, 54.

50 [Worsley] to [Boyle], Worsley., in The Hartlib Papers (HP), ff. 28A-B Worsley may have been apt to boast but this claim was easily verifiable through Worsley’s London workman, ‘one Baily … of the old Exchange’: Samuel Hartlib, ‘Ephemerides 1657 Part 1', in HP, fols. 29/6/4A.

51 They left London in July 1657 Hartlib to Boyle, 4 August 1657, Robert Boyle, The Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle, 2 edn (London: J. and F. Rivington etc., 1772), pp. 93–94. Lucy must have to returned to London the next year as she accompanied John and Dorothy Dury from London to Chester in August 1658 Hartlib to Boyle, 10 August 1658 ibid. pp. 200–81.; they returned to London permanently in May 1659: Hartlib to Boyle, 31 May 1659, The Correspondence of Robert Boyle, 1636-61,, p. 357.

52 Benjamin Worsley, ‘Worsley to Hartlib, 10 September 1660', in The Hartlib Papers, fols. 42/1/28A-B. Philip Cary was gaoled in Exeter around this time: Steed to Cary, 4 October 1660, Robert Steed, ‘Two Letters of the Seventeenth Century', The Tract Magazine and Christian Miscellany, 5 (1838 [1660]), 67–69; Ivimey (1814), p. 13.

53 The Correspondence of Robert Boyle, 1666-67, pp. 234, 35; Leng, p. 147.

54 Jones, Katherine (12 September 1666) ‘Lady Ranelagh, to Boyle’ in The Correspondence of Robert Boyle, 1666–1667, p. 235.

55 Leng, p. 163.

56 Viz. Lady Ranelagh to Boyle, 12 September 1666; ‘to Mr Boyles there Dr Wonley and ------’: entry for 27 July 1675 Robert Hooke, The Diary of Robert Hooke, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., 1672–1680, Transcribed from the Original in the Possession of the Corporation of the City of London, (London: Wykeham Publications, 1935), p. 171. The reading ‘Worsley’ supplied by Felicity Henderson, personal correspondence.

57 Leng, p. 176; Officials of the Boards of Trade 1660–1870, (London: University of London, 1974), pp. 18–24.

58 John Evelyn, The Diary of John Evelyn, 1647–76, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), pp. 338, 65; Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, America and West Indies, 1669–1674, (London: HMSO, 1889), p. 528; Calendar of Treasury Books, 1672–1675, (London: HMSO, 1909), p. 419. §1151, §1162, §1163; Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, America and West Indies, 1675–1676 and Addenda 1574–1674, (London: HMSO, 1893), pp. 180–201. Worsley’s scruple resembles Boyle’s on ‘the test and oaths’ when declining the presidency of the Royal Society: Thomas Birch, ‘The Life of the Honourable Robert Boyle', in The Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle Vol. 1, (London: A. Millar, 1744), pp. 75–76.

59 Worsley, Benjamin (25 August 1677) ‘Dr Worsly's choice Paper Aug. the 25 1677’ , The Correspondence of Robert Boyle, 1668-77, pp. 452–55.; Jones, Katherine (11 September 1677) ‘Ranelagh to Boyle', ibid., pp. 455–57.

60 12 January 1677/8: The Diary of Robert Hooke, 1672-1680, p. 340; Leng, p. 174.

61 vide infra note 155.

62 19 March 1677/8: The Diary of Robert Hooke, 1672-1680, p. 349; John Dunmore and Richard Chiswell, Catalogus Librorum in Quavis Lingua & Facultate Insignium Instructissimarum Bibliothecarum Tum Clarissimi Doctissimique Viri D. Doctoris Benjaminis Worsley, (London: Dunmore & Chiswell, 1678).

63 13, 21, 22, 25, 27, 28 and 31 May and 3 and 4 June 1678: The Diary of Robert Hooke, 1672–1680, pp. 358–61.

64 Dunmore and Chiswell; Leng, p. 175. Not only Worsley’s books were auctioned but ‘three entire Libraries’.

65 Mary Cary (christened 1620/1) had published six extant contemporised scriptural and political commentaries: The Glorious Excellencie of the Spirit of Adoption, (London: Henry Overton, 1645) which ran to 3 editions; The Resurrection of the Witnesses; and Englands Fall from (the Mystical Babylon) Rome, (London: Giles Calvert, 1648), 5 editions; The Little Horns Doom & Downfall, or a Scripture-Prophesie of King James and King Charles, and of This Present Parliament, Unfolded with a New and More Exact Mappe, or Description of New Jerusalem's Glory When Jesus Christ and His Saints with Him Shall Reign on Earth a Thousand Years, and Possess All Kingdoms, (London, 1651), 4 editions; Mary Cary, Twelve Humble Proposals to the Supreme Governours of the Three Nations Now Assembled at Westminster, Concerning the Propogation of the Gospel, New Modelling of the Universities, Reformation of the Laws, Supply of the Necessities of the Poor, (London: R. C., 1653). Mary may have contributed to the anonymous tract A Word in Season Being an Humble Tender Unto All That Fear the Lord, (London: Livewell Chapman, 1660).

66 Cary later quoted from Melancthon, Junius, Scotus and Stierius, and Dr. Sanderson’s Logicæ some of which works he may have procured from his bother-in-law as they are not found listed in Worsley’s Catalogus. Likewise intriguingly absent, considering Worsley’s longstanding interest in metallurgy, are titles such as Agricola’s De Re Metallica, last published in 1667.

67 12 September 1678: The diary of Robert Hooke, 1672–1680, p. 376. We are unaware of any natural sisters of Benjamin, so a sister-in-law is probable; the doctor having been dead a year, it is likely Hooke met his widow Lucy Worsley and her ‘preaching sister’ Mary Rande; another possibility would be her sister-in-law Susan Cary.

68 Note in the catalogue of the library of Robert Boyle’s servant John Warr quoted in Robert Boyle, The Early Essays and Ethics of Robert Boyle, ed. by John T. Harwood (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1991).

69 The only known extant copy, sent to Roger Williams of Rhode Island, is in John Carter Brown Library: Ben Schreckinger, ‘The Roger Williams Code', Slate, (2012); Linford Fisher, Decoding Roger Williams: The Lost Essay of Rhode Island's Founding Father, (Waco: Baylor University Press, 2014).

70 Possibly the anonymous pamphlet, prefaced 13 July 1678, Christian Unity Exhorted to Being a Few Words in Tender Love to All Professing of Christianity in Old England, the Land of My Nativity, (1678).

71 The seizure at the unnamed press shop is more likely to have occurred prior to the series of events known as the Popish Plot starting in August 1678.

72 Richard Baxter, A Second True Defence of the Meer Nonconformists, (London: Nevil Simons, 1681), pp. 11–12.

73 13 November 1680: Journals of the House of Commons, 1667–1687, (London: HMSO, 1803), p. 652.; Janeway was acquitted by the jury 16 February 1681/2: Cobbetts Complete Collection of State Trials, 1680–1682, (London: R. Bagshaw, 1810), p. 825.

74 Cary, Philip (9 September 1681) letter to Richard Burthogge quoted in Richard Burthogge, Vindiciæ Pædo-Baptismi, or, a Confirmation of an Argument Lately Emitted for Infants Baptism, (London: Thomas Simmons, 1684), pp. 5–6.

75 Frank June Ellis, ‘The Author of Wing C6727: Daniel Coxe, F.R.S., or Thomas Coxe, F.R.S', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 18 (1963), 36–38.

76 Mark Goldie, ‘John Locke’s Circle and James II', The Historical Journal, 35 (1992), 579–84.

77 Philip Cary, Disputation between a Doctor and an Apothecary, (London: R. Baldwin, 1684) registered on 13 December 1683 and sold ‘in the Old-Baily Corner, upon Ludgate-Hill’: A Transcript of the Registers of the Worshipful Company of Stationers, 1675–1708, (London, 1914), p. 218.

78 26 March 1684: Stationers, 1675–1708, p. 231.

79 Cary might have conducted the whole publication process remotely or through an intermediary such as Steed, though the absence of Errata suggests otherwise. Passing merchant ships regularly afforded fast passage between Dartmouth and London: Edmund Calamy, An Account of the Ministers, Lecturers, Masters, and Fellows of Colleges and Schoolmasters who Were Ejected or Silenced after the Restoration in 1660, (London: J. Lawrence, 1713), p. 221.

80 Worsley had been a significant early source of remedial recipes for Boyle: Hunter Michael and Littleton Charles, ‘The Work-Diaries of Robert Boyle: A Newly Discovered Source and Its Internet Publication', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 55 (2001), 376. Cary as an erudite apothecary may also have had a large repertoire of receipts to share.

81 ‘John Hayes Servant to Doctor Worley, troubled for many years with stoppage of stomack, and shortness of breathing, being stroked upon his breast and stomack voided wind upwards in abundance, insomuch as he fear it to be choked with the violence of it; but when that belching ceased, and his tongue (which was then as cold as ice) had been touched by one of Mr. Greatrak’s fingers, he professed himself to be very well, and freed (as he conceived) of his former distempers.’ Faireclough, James (5 May 1666) ‘Letter to Sir William Smith’ in Valentine Greatraks, A Brief Account of Mr Valentine Greatraks and Divers of the Strange Cures by Him Lately Performed, (London: J. Starkey, 1666), p. 68; Elmer, p. 209; ‘Hearth Tax: Westminster 1664, St Margaret’s Westminster, Petty France 2011', in London Hearth Tax: Westminster 1664, (London: University of London & History of Parliament Trust, 2011).

82 Robert Steed, ‘The names of the B^rn and Sisters of the Church of Christ assembling in George yard in Thames Street' (c. 1689), Oxford University Angus Library and Archive (ALA), C/LONDON/CRIPPLEGATE p. 1, transcribed in ‘Book of Discipline’ in H. Wheeler Robinson, ‘Baptist Church Discipline 1689–1699', Baptist Quarterly, 1 (1922), 113. Both ‘Br Hayes' and ‘Sr Hayes' are marked ‘deceased' in Steed's own hand-writing, i.e. before 1700.

83 Michael Cyril William Hunter, ‘Boyle on the Application of Science', in The Bloomsbury Companion to Robert Boyle, ed. by Jan-Erik Jones (London: Bloomsbury, 2019), (p. 283); ‘A Particular Act of Providence', p. 42.

84 Parrott, Stonier (December 1725) letter to Liddell, Cotesworth Papers, Tyne and Wear Archives DF.HUG/42/1 (formerly Gateshead Public Library W/14/17), transcribed in Edward Hughes, ‘First Steam Engines in the Durham Coalfield', Archaeologia Aeliana, 27 (1949), 42.

85 ‘Newcomen somehow got his idea from Papin … Thus it seems clear that neither Savery nor Newcomen has any claim to originality of ideas in their steam engines.’ Dickinson, A Short History of the Steam Engine pp. xxi–xxiii. ‘The merit of perfecting Papin’s original project of 1690, and putting it into execution is entirely due to Mr. Newcomen and his associate John Calley.’ Farey, p. 127.: Also Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 9, (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2003), p. 128.

86 David Wootton, The Invention of Science, (London: Allen Lane, 2015), p. 507.

87 Robert Hooke, Lectures De Potentia Restitutiva, or of Spring, (London: John Martyn, 1678), pp. 25–28; Robert Boyle, ‘Præfatio', in Experimentorum Novorum Physico-Mechanicorum Continuatio Secunda: In Qua Experimenta Varia, (Oxford: Richard Davis, 1680), (p. §3).’ Joint experiments ran from 14 March 1675/6 to 3 April 1679.

88 Denis Papin, ‘Preface', in A New Digester for Softening Bones, (London: Henry Bonwicke, 1681), p. 30.

89 Benjamin Worsley, ‘Phytologicall Letter, [Worsley] to Harlib', in The Hartlib Papers, undated [c. Apr 1567]), fols. 8/22/3B. Who and where was this ‘kinsman’ with whom he ‘præpared a small Conservatory’ in July 1656? On 15 May Worsley had undertaken to report on Petty’s Down Survey on 4 July but did not reappear in Dublin until 18 August: William Petty, History of the Crowelliam Survey of Ireland, A.D. 1655–6, Commonly Called “the Down Survey”, (Dublin: Irish Archaelogical Society, 1851), pp. 111–15. He arrived in London from Dublin in late October, less than a month before his wedding. Were the reasons for Worsley’s summer absence from Dublin the visit of Menasseh ben Israel to London and a sojourn in Dartmouth to make marriage arrangements? Robert Boyle, ‘The Second Part: Of Its Usefulnesse to the Physick', in Some Considerations Touching the Usefulnesse of Experimental Naturall Philosophy, (Oxford: Richard Davis, 1663), pp. 1–417, Index, Errata (pp. 107, 10).: ‘an eminent naturalist, a friend of yours and mine, that hath a strange way of preserving fruits, whereby even goosberries have been kept for many months, without the addition of sugar, salt, or other tangible bodies: but all that I dare tell you, is, that he assures me, his secret consists in a new and artificial way of keeping them from the air.’ ‘ … expedients yet unthought of, may, by an insight into Nature, be found out, for the preservation of Bodies; especially, if our ingenious Friend, Mr. W. would shew us, how out of divers other Concreats, besides the Suger Cane, a Substance not unlike Suger may, by a peculiar industry, be prepar’d’.

90 Philosophical Transactions Vol. 10, pp. 443–50, 477–481, 492–495, 542–548; Vol. 15 pp. 847–848, 1093–1094, 1272–1278; Vol. 16. 21–22, 193–195, 263–267; The History of the Royal Society of London, 1671/2–1679, ed. Thomas Birch, (London: A. Millar, 1757), pp. 232, 305, 401, 86–518; The History of the Royal Society of London, 1679/80-1687, (1757). pp. 1–15, 38–44, 48, 60–61, 67–72, 77, 88, 98–99, 282, 285, 288, 292, 298–302, 308, 310, 315–320, 325–335, 343–350, 355–360, 364, 368, 372, 381, 388, 392–408, 412–414, 422–429, 434, 442, 449, 452–456, 459–460, 463, 467, 470, 472, 475, 479–483, 486, 490–496, 499–505, 510, 513–519, 522–534, 533–552, 558.

91 Acta Eruditorum, (Leipsig: J. Gross & J. F. Gleditsch, 1687), pp. 315–35; Acta Eruditorum, (1688), pp. 156–58, 497501, 92–96, 643–46; Acta Eruditorum, (1689), pp. 96–100, 317–22; Acta Eruditorum, (1690), pp. 410–14; Nouvelles De La Republique Des Lettres, (Amsterdam: Henry Desbordes, 1686), pp. 444–47, 570–79, 1374–78; Nouvelles De La Republique Des Lettres, (1687), pp. 702–11; Nouvelles De La Republique Des Lettres, (1688), pp. 967–91, 1308; Nouvelles De La Republique Des Lettres, (1689), p. 219.

92 Binmore, p. 2; Ivimey (1814), p. 134.

93 Joseph Ivimey, A History of the English Baptists, (London, 1811), p. 420; (13 February 1682/3) John Clerke, ‘Capt. John Clerke to Secretary Jenkins', in State Papers Domestic, Charles II, 1683 January-June, (London: HMSO, 1933); (10 March 1683/4) Henry Crispe, ‘Henry Crispe to Secretary Jenkins', in ibid. Crispe, Henry (10 March); ‘Henry Crispe to Secretary Jenkins’ (16 November 1682, 2 September 1683), in John Cordy Jeaffreson, Middlesex County Records (1667–88) Indictments, Recognizances, Coroners' Inquisitions-Post-Mortem, Orders, Memoranda and Certificates of Convictions of Conventiclers, (London: Chapman & Hall, 1892), pp. 185, 223; Ivimey (1814), pp. 354–59; Joseph Ivimey, A History of the English Baptists, (London: B.J. Holdsworth, 1823), pp. 360–61.

94 (December 1677) ‘Monsr. de Veil to Williamson’ in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1677–8, (London: HMSO, 1911), pp. 486–548.

95 Wilfred S. Samuel, ‘Charles-Marie De Veil', Baptist Quarterly, 5 (1930), 125, 77–89. In 1678 he published an open letter to Robert Boyle: Charles-Marie de Veil, Lettre De Mr. De Veil, Docteur En Theologie & Ministre Du Saint Evangile, À Monsiueur Boisle De La Societe Royall Des Sciences À Londres: Pour Prouver Contre L'autheur D'un Livre Nouveau Intitulé Crituque Du Vieux Testament Que La Seule Ecriture Est La Regle De La Foy, (London: M. Clark, 1678).

96 Charles-Marie de Veil, ‘Dedicatio', in Explicatio Litteralis Evangelii Secundum Matthaeum & Marcum, (London: Sam. Roycroft, 1678).

97 Hanserd Knollys, The Parable of the Kingdom of Heaven, (London: Benjamin Harris, 1674); Hanserd Knollys, The World That Now Is and the World That Is to Come, (London: Snowden, Thomas, 1681); Charles-Marie de Veil, A Literal Explanation of the Acts of the Apostles, (London: Francis Pearse, 1685).

98 Bruzen Martiniere and Antoine Augustin, Lettres Choisies De M. Simon, (Amsterdam: Mortier, 1730), p. 45; Ivimey (1814), p. 473; ‘VEI’ in The Cyclopædia, (London: Longman, Hurst, Orme & Brown, 1819); William Hague, An Historical Discourse Delivered at the Celebration of the Second Centennial Anniversary of the First Baptist Church, in Providence, (Boston, 1839), p. 162; Francis Augustus Cox, ‘Historical Introduction', in A Commentary of the Acts of the Apostles, (London: Hanserd Knollys Society, 1851), pp. iii-ix. The intermediary was apparently one of the librarians, Mercy Gardiner, whom he married in early August 1681: ‘Marylebone Parish Records', The Baptist Quarterly, 6 (1933), 288. A ‘Sister Gardner’, likely Mercy’s relative, was a member of the Broken-wharf church: ALA, C/LONDON/CRIPPLEGATE p. 1.

99 That year de Veil republished his Letter to Boyle in English, omitting mention of his holy orders but adding a benediction to ‘the Lady Katherine Viscountess, Your Accomplished, Godly, Charitable and Bountiful Sister’: Charles-Marie de Veil, A Letter to the Honourable Robert Boyle to Prove That the Scripture Alone Is the Rule of Faith, (London: Thomas Mathus, 1683), p. 18. That year he published a letter to Louis Maimbourg, Lettre a Mr. T Maimbourg, (London: J. Farby, 1685). and a precis in Acta Charles-Marie de Veil, ‘Epistola Domini De Veil Doct. Ad Dominum T. Maimburgium, Equitem, Londoni 1685', Acta Eruditorum, (February 1685).

100 Cox; Walter Wilson, The History and Antiquities of Dissenting Churches and Meeting Houses, in London, Westminster, and Southwark, (London, 1808), p. 207.

101 'James Jones's Coffee-House', Baptist Quarterly, 6 (1933), 324–26.

102 He and his wife remained a royal pensioners. Stephen W. Massil, ‘Immigrant Librarians in Britain: Huguenots and Some Others', in World Library and Information Congress: 69th IFLA General Conference and Council, (Berlin, 2003), (p. 10); ‘Mr De Veils Epitaph', (c. 1710) Gloucestershire Archives D3549/6/4/98.

103 (1655) ‘Will of Thomas Steed of Abingdon, Berkshire' (probate 29 January 1655), NA, PROB 11/243/302; (26 September 1661) ‘Capt. Wm. Pestell to Sec. Nicholas’ in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1661–2 p. 99 (1661) ‘Will of Elizabeth Steed, Widow of Abingdon, Berkshire' (probate 15 February 1661), NA, PROB 11/303/376; (1659) ‘Will of Robert Steede of Lamberhurst, Kent’ (probate 18 November 1663), NA, PROB 11/312/361.

104 Joseph Foster, Alumni Oxonienses 1500–1714, S-Z, (Oxford and London: James Parker and Co., 1892), p. 1415.

105 Thomas Steed of Abingdon was a younger brother of Sir William Stede of Stede Hill (1593–1672) father of Sir Edwyn Stede (1639–1695), Provost Marshal and later Governor of Barbados. The other brothers were Sir John Stede of Harrietsham (born c. 1591) and Rev. Robert Steede of Lamberhurst who willed his library to nephew Robert.

106 Sir John Stede of Harrietsham was the father of Elizabeth (1615–1674) who married Sir Cheney Culpeper, Sir John’s first cousin: Foster (1892), p. 1415. Sir Cheney’s Culpeper’s name occurs 206 times within the corpus of the Hartlib papers, more than either Worsley’s or Boyle’s. See also Stephen Clucas, ‘The Correspondence of a XVII-Century ‘Chymicall Gentleman’: Sir Cheney Culpeper and the Chemical Interests of the Hartlib Circle', Ambix, 40 (1993).

107 That Steed was a physician: ‘Letter Written in the Year 1660', The Friendly Visitor, 13 (1831 [1660]). The ‘one Mr. Steed’ cited near Wantage in 1654, was likely his brother John; Jessey went to Dartmouth in 1655; by 1656 Steed was already the leader in Dartmouth: Leonard Twells, The Theological Works of the Learned Dr. Pocock, (London: R. Gosling, 1740), p. 38; : Ivimey (1814), p. 521; Abraham Cheare and others, Sighs for Sion, (London: Livewel Chapman, 1656), p. A2; White, 'John Pendarves', pp. 255–56; B. R. White, Association Records of the Particular Baptists of England, Wales and Ireland to 1660. Part 2. The West Country and Ireland., (London: Baptist Historical Society, 1973), p. 107. Steed helped publish posthumous works of Jessey and Cheare: Henry Jessey and Abraham Cheare, A Looking-Glass for Children, (London: Robert Boulter, 1673).

108 Robert Boyle, The Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle, (London: A. Millar, 1744), ed. Thomas Birch, pp. 80–81.

109 Gilbert Burnet, A Sermon Preached at the Funeral of the Honourable Robert Boyle (London: Ric. Chiswell and John Taylor, 1692), pp. 33–34.

110 ALA C/LONDON/CRIPPLEGATE fol. 1.

111 Steed, Robert (September 1694) ALA C/LONDON/CRIPPLEGATE p. 8; ibid. pp. 123–24. Emes rose to be an Assistant of the Company of Leather Sellers, and was from 1684 to 1693 Deputy of Cripplegate Without: ‘City of London, Cripplegate Ward, Cripplegate Without Ward, Red Cross Street Precinct, Out again’, in Keene Derek Keene, Four Shillings in the Pound Aid 1693/4: The City of London, the City of Westminster, Middlesex, (London: Centre for Metropolitan History, 2003).

112 Michael Cyril William Hunter and Edward Bradford Davis, The Boyle Papers: Understanding the Manuscripts of Robert Boyle, (Aldershot, England ; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2007), p. 664; ‘An Act for Granting to Their Majesties an Aid of Foure Shillings in the Pound for One Yeare for Carrying on a Vigorous War against France (1692)', in Statutes of the Realm,1686–1694, (London: Great Britain Record Commission, 1819), pp. 323–72; William Henry Black, History and Antiquities of the Worshipful Company of Leathersellers, (London: Edward J. Francis, 1871), p. 68; John James Baddeley, The Aldermen of Cripplegate Ward from A.D. 1276 to A.D. 1900, (London, 1900), p. 115; Mark Goldie and John Spurr, ‘Politics and the Restoration Parish: Edward Fowler and the Struggle for St Giles Cripplegate', The English Historical Review, 109 (1994), 592. Emes later styled himself ‘Chirurgo-Medicus’: Thomas Emes, A Dialogue between Alkali and Acid, (London: R. Cumberland and Tho. Speed, 1698), pp. 65–66; Thomas Emes, The Atheist Turned Deist, and the Deist Turned Christian, (London, 1698), p. 179. which touches on his adult baptism; Thomas Emes, A Letter to a Gentleman Concerning Alkali and Acid, (London: Tho. Speed, 1700); Thomas Emes, Henry Gretton, and Philip Gretton, Vindiciae Mentis, an Essay of the Being and Nature of Mind, (London: H. Walwyn, 1702); Udo Thiel, The Early Modern Subject: Self-Consciousness and Personal Identity from Descartes to Hume, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 227; Michael Cyril William Hunter, Boyle Studies, (London: Taylor and Francis, 2016), p. 14.

113 Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland, (London: Thomas Telford, 2002), p. 100; Tomory Leslie, The History of the London Water Industry, 1580–1820, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2017), p. 37.

114 Robert Boyle, Experiments, Notes, &C., About the Mechanical Origine or Production of Divers Particular Qualities: Among Which Is Inserted a Discourse of the Imperfection of the Chymist's Doctrine of Qualities; Together with Some Reflections Upon the Hypothesis of Alcali and Acidum, (London: Printed by E. Flesher, for R. Davis, Oxford, 1675), pp. A2v, A3r; Robert Boyle, The Works of Robert Boyle, Publications to 1660, (London, Brookfield, Vt.: Pickering & Chatto, 1999), pp. lxxvi-lxvii.

115 Mudd, Ambrose (1663) ‘Warrt. For 12d for not cominng to Church’, Edward Windeatt, ‘John Flavell: A Notable Dartmouth Puritan and His Bibliography', Report and Transactions of the Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art, 43 (1911), 178; Steed to Cary, 11 November 1697, Robert Steed, Steed to Cary, 11 November 1697: 'A Letter of the Seventeenth Century', The Tract Magazine and Christian Miscellany, 5 (1838 ), 70–72.

116 J. S. Allen, ‘Thomas Newcomen (1663/4-1729) and His Family', Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 51 (1979), 14.

117 Cary displayed the Apothecaries’ arms: George Williamson, Trade Tokens Issued in the Seventeenth Century in England, Wales and Ireland, by Corporations, Merchants, Tradesmen, Etc. Special Copy of the County of Devonshire, (London: Elliot Stock, 1889), p. 141.

118 The History of the Royal Society of London, 1679/80-1687, p. 384. ‘[Dr. King] had prepared several medicies … in less than the tenth part of the time’ Denis Papin, A New Digester, or Engine for Softening Bones; Containing the Description of Its Make and Use, (London: Henry Bonwicke, 1681), p. 53.

119 Robert Mordern and Philip Lea, ‘A Prospect of London and Westminster Taken at Several Stations to the Southward Thereof', (London: Morden, 1680).

120 Denis Papin, A Continuation of the New Digester of Bones, with Some Improvements and New Uses of the Air-Pump, (London: Joseph Streater, 1687), p. 52. It was published by ‘Henry Bonwicke at the Red Lyon in S. Paul’s Church yard.’

121 John Partridge, Merlinus Liberatus Being an Almanack for the Year of Our Blessed Saviours Incarnation 1696, (London, 1696). ‘Advertisements'; John Robey, ‘Moorfields and Clock-Brass Founders Part 2: The Mayor Family and Other Founders', Antiquarian Horology, 33 (2012), 617.; he may be identified with ‘Mr. Mayer’ in The diary of Robert Hooke, 1672–1680, pp. 5, 11, 15, 91, 104, 16, 405, 35; Robert Hooke, The Life and Work of Robert Hooke. Part Iv. Tract on Capillary Attraction, 1661. Diary, 1688 to 1693, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1935), pp. 96, 137, 38, 42, 44, 47, 49, 52.

122 Langley Curtis, England’s Remarques, (London, 1678), p. 115; A Transcript of the Registers of the Worshipful Company of Stationers, 1675–1708, p. 315., 27 January 1686/7.

123 Papin, Continuation, pp. 82–83.

124 Clayton, John (after 2 July 1687) letter to Robert Boyle: RS BP Vol. 6, fol. 62–65 Edmund Berkeley and Dorothy Smith Berkeley, The Reverend John Clayton: A Parson with a Scientific Mind. His Scientific Writings and Other Related Papers, (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1965), p. 125; Robert Boyle and et al., The Correspondence of Robert Boyle, 1684–91, (London ; Brookfield, VT: Pickering & Chatto, 2001), pp. 217–22.

125 Papin, Continuation, ‘To the Reader'.

126 Letters of Denization and Acts of Naturalization for Aliens in England and Ireland (Lymington: Huguenot Society of London, 1911), pp. 135, 71; The Registers of the French Church, Threadneedle Street, London, (Aberdeen: Huguenot Society, 1906), pp. 47, 69, 84; Minutes of the Consistory of the French Church of London Threadneedle Street: 1679–1692, (London: Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1994), pp. 110, 34, 62, 67.

127 (E.g. 6 April 1717 The London Gazette p. 2).

128 Hooke met Isaac Thompson the engineer over 20 times in 1676 alone: The Diary of Robert Hooke, 1672–1680, pp. 215–46. Robert Bird, brazier of Beech-lane ibid. pp. 173, 183, 195, 201, 214, 215, 228, 230, 240, 242, 380, The Diary of Robert Hooke, 1688–1690, pp. 89, 95, 100, 23, 86; Felicity Henderson, ‘Unpublished Material from the Memorandum Book of Robert Hooke, Guildhall Library Ms 1758', Notes & Records of the Royal Society, 61 (2007), 146, 47.; John Mayor and Nicholas Blakie see notes 121 and 164.

129 The Diary of Robert Hooke, 1672–1680, p. 224. Slare lived with Theodore Haak, his cousin: Marie Boas Hall, ‘Frederick Slare, F. R. S. (1648–1727)', Notes & Records of the Royal Society, 46 (1992), 25–26; Pamela R. Barrnett, Theodore Haak F.R.S. (1605–90), the First German Translator of Paradise Lost, (’sGravenhage: Mouton, 1962), pp. 145, 53.

130 4, 8 September 1678, 29 June 1679: ‘Pappins both here. Deliverd them compressing engine.’ ‘Young Pappin here.’ ‘Pappin here, he and his brother dined here.’ The Diary of Robert Hooke, 1672–1680, pp. 375, 416; Also pp. 224, 38, 78, 307, 09, 13, 15, 17, 40, 54, 62. Denis Papin had three younger brothers: Samuel (born 1653 at Blois), Paul (1658) a silk-merchant who settled in Amsterdam in 1684; and Jacques (born 1664): Louis Belton and Fernand Bournon, La Famille De Denis Papin D’après Des Documents Inédits, (Blois: R. Marcand, 1880); Denis Papin, La Vie Et Les Ouvrages De Denis Papin Tome 2, (Paris; Blois: Franck, 1869), p. 44. Naturalised in London on 5 January 1687/8 were John Papin, Francis Papin, and David Papin with his wife Anna and children David and Susan David Carnegie Agnew, Protestant Exiles from France in the Reign of Louis Xiv Index Volume, (London: Reeves & Turner, 1874), p. 64. David, John and Francis seem to have been cousins from La Rochelle: Lists of Foreign Protestants and Aliens, Resident in England 1618–1688, (London: Camden Society, 1862), p. 52. Denis Papin witnessed a baptism on 17 June 1677 and his first cousin Renée Gousset married Jacques Valon in London in 1681: The Registers of the French Church, Threadneedle Street, London, (Lymington: Huguenot Society, 1899), pp. 223, 60. ‘Samuel Papin de Blois’ aged 77 Etats De La Distribution De La Somme De Vint & Quatre Mille Livres, (London: French Committee, 1728), p. 19. (13 August 1728) ‘Samuel Papin est mort age de 80 ans.’ The French Protestant Hospital, (London: Huguenot Society, 1977). Introduction; entries L-Z.

131 The diary of Robert Hooke, 1672–1680, p. 366.

132 Christiaan March Huygens, ‘Pour Faire Les Tuyaux Ms D Pp. 325–326', in Œuvres Complètes De Chrjstiaan Huygens, (La Haye: La Société Hollandaise Des Sciences, 1950), pp. 241–46.; Papin, Denis (26 October 1687) ‘Use of gunpowder to raise weights’ RS Cl.P/18i/65 fol. 2.

133 Papin, Continuation, pp. 54–44.

134 Denis Papin, ‘Touchant Un Nouvel Usage De La Poudre À Canon, Où Se Void La Description Dune Machine Inventée Pour Cet Éffet Article Iii', Nouvelles de la Republique des Lettres, 1688 (1688), p. 988.; cf. ‘Excerpta’ Denis Papin, ‘Excerpta Ex … Litteris Ad__ De Novo Pulveris Pyrii Usu', Acta Eruditorum 1688, (September 1688), pp. 497–501.

135 Papin Denis (29 August 1688) ‘Paper on a machine to raise weights by gunpowder’ RS EL/P1/88.

136 Papin, ‘Nova Methodus', ‘facile credidi, construi posse machinas, in quibus aqua mediante calore non valde intenso, levibusque sumptibus, perfectum illud vacuum efficeret … tum statim removendus est ignis, et vapores, in tubo ex metallo tenui, frigore in aquam brevi resolvuntur, tubumque ære prorsus vacuum relinquunt … statim deprimitur pistillum B B totius atmosphæræ pondere, motumque intentum causatur eo majore efficacia, quo major est tubi amplitudo … unde patet, quam immanes vires motrices hujus simplicissimi artificii ope obtineri queant, quamque levi pretio … Quomodo jam vis ilia ad extrahendam ex fodinis aquam aut mineram, ferreos globos ad maximam distantiam projiciendos, naves adverso vento provehendas, atque ad alios ejusmodi usus quam plurimos applicari queat, longum nimis foret hic recensere : verum unusquisque, pro data occasione, machinarum fabricam excogitare debet proposito suo accommodatam.’ Denis Papin, ‘A New Method of Obtaining Very Great Moving Powers at Low Cost', in The Origins and Progress of the Mechanical Inventions of James Watt, ed. by James Muirhead (London: J. Murray, 1854), pp. 139–54.

137 ‘after a great many laborious Attempts, [Newcomen and Calley] did make the Engine work but not being either Philosophers to understand the Reasons, or Mathematicians enough, to calculate the Powers, and to proportion the Parts, very luckily by Accident found what they sought for’ Desaguliers, p. 533.

138 David McKitterick, Scholarship and Commerce, 1698–1872, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 81. The publication was founded in 1682 by Otto Mencke as editor and published monthly in Leipzig by Johann Friedrich Gleditsch.

139 Charles Rivington, ‘Early Printers to the Royal Society', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 39 (1984); Michiyo Takano, ‘Richard Chiswell and His Publications in the Late 17th Century', Yamanashi Global Studies, 6 (2011), 74.

140 John Dunton, The Life and Errors of John Dunton, (London, 1818), p. 207. Smith corresponded with Otto Menckenius in Leipzig in 1692: Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson D 400.112.

141 Matthew Yeo, The Acquisition of Books by Chethams Library, 1655–1700, (Leiden: Brill, 2011), p. 93.

142 A. E. Laeven, De »Acta Eruditorum« Onder Redactie Van Otto Mencke 1644–1707, (Amsterdam: APA-Holland University Press, 1986), p. 141.

143 John Scarlett, ‘Anglo-Britanniae Epistola Ad _ _ _ _ Exponens Dubia Quædam, Circa Inventum Dn. Papini', Acta Eruditorum, 1690 (October1690), pp. 531–36.

144 Potential candidates for the role of internuncio, a latter-day Hartlib, could include some member of the cluster of virtuosi in London under Boyle’s own patronage and direction, as Papin himself had once been, or conceivably Christopher Kirkby (see note 242). Alternatively there were Alexander Pitfield and Richard Waller, both fluent in French, the latter a classicist, competent in Italian and German, who corresponded with van Leeuwenhoek inter alia. There was also Henri Justel (F.R.S. 1681), a hub of the republic of letters, who corresponded widely, for example passing letters between Halley and Leibniz, and worked at St. James’ Palace library with Louis-Compiègne de Veil. Justel: Brown Harcourt, ‘Un Cosmopolite Du Grand Siècle : Henri Justel', Bulletin de la Société de l’Histoire du Protestantisme Français, 82 (1933); Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Leibniz: Sämtliche Schriften Und Briefe, Reihe Iii, Band 5, (Berlin: Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Akademie Der Wissenschaften In Göttingen, 2003), p. 312. footnote; Norman Fiering, ‘The Transatlantic Republic of Letters: A Note on the Circulation of Learned Periodicals to Early Eighteenth-Century America', William and Mary Quarterly, 33 (1976), 645.

145 E. Dollfus, ‘The Heat Engine Idea in the Seventeenth Century: Communication', Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 17 (1936).

146 ‘I beg your pardon that I have sent it to my brother to deliver to you: but all my countrey men of my acquaintance are so unsettled that I knew not whom I might send it to that it might not be in danger of being lost’, Papin Denis (29 August 1688) Letter from Marburg to Edmund King, London, Royal Society EL/P1/89; Digester, ‘Preface'; Continuation, p. 15.

147 Papin, Letter to Edmund King.

148 A Narrative of the Proceedings of the General Assembly, (London: John Harris, 1691), p. 12.

149 Mokyr, Great Enrichment, pp. 20–21.

150 David Nye, Technology Matters: Questions to Live With, (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2007), p. 11.

151 William Rosen, The Most Powerful Idea in the World: A Story of Steam, Industry, and Invention, (New York: Random House, 2010), p. 30.

152 Newcomen later married Hannah Waymouth daughter of Peter Waymouth (1660–1751) of Malborough near Kingsbridge strongly suggesting the Newcomen brothers had boarded at Burdwood’s school at Batson and Bigbury: see note 206.

153 Viz. Cary, Disputation, pp. 12, 18, 106, 12, 20 i.a.

154 Pentecoste was a native of Soubise, studied in Geneva and ministered at Mornac-sur-Seudre: (24 November 1685) 'Rôle Des Ministres Protestants Autorisés De Quitter Bordeaux', in Archives Historiques Du Département De La Gironde, ed. by Julies Delpit (Bordeaux: Charles Lefebvre, 1874), pp. 514–17 (p. 516).; 15 October 1690, 18 June 1691 Huguenot Library Bounty MS 6, University College Library, London; Victor Bujeaud, Chronique Protestante De L’angoumois Xvie, Xviie, Xviiie Siècles, (Paris: Meyrueis, 1860), p. 248. and ‘Supplément’ p. 13; Léon Matthey, ‘Écoliers Français Inscrits a L'académie De Genève Aux Xvi E Et Xvii E Siècles', Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance, 11 (1949), 230; Alison Grant and Robin Gwynn, ‘Huguenots of Devon', Report and Transactions of the Devon Association, 117 (1985), 167–68; Anne Dunan-Page, The Religious Culture of the Huguenots 1660–1750, (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), p. 36; Robin Gwynn, Crisis, Renewal, and the Ministers’ Dilemma, (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2015); Vivienne Larminie, Huguenot Networks, 1560–1780, (London: Routledge, 2017), p. 99. Pentecoste’s predecessor as conforming minister in Dartmouth from 1687 to 1690, André Coyauld de Santé of Poitu, returned to London William Waller, Registers of the Church Known as La Patente in Spittlefields, from 1689 to 1785, (Lymington: Huguenot Society of London, 1898), p. 8; Livre Des Tesmoignages De L’eglise De Threadneedle Street, (London: Spottiswoode, 1909), p. 147.

155 ‘Nous avons ici M. Papin l’inventeur de l’amollissement des os qu’il fait cuire dans une machine de sa fason … Il sejournera icy une partie de l’hyver et fera diverses experiences avec l’extraction de l’air.’: ‘Isaac Sarrau letter à Élie Bouhéreau’ Bibliothèque du Protestantisme Français, Paris, ms 713 transcribed in Thomas Guillemin, ‘Un Épisode Inédit De La Vie De Denis Papin : Bordeaux (Décembre 1683-Début 1684)', in Isaac Papin et moi … , (Université d'Angers, 2013). Papin appears to have lodged in Bordeaux with William Popple, nephew of Andrew Marvell and friend of John Locke. Popple’s father in 1659 Edmund succeded as Sheriff of Hull George Crowle, to whom Christopher Kirkby was apprenticed: Sheahan Joseph, General and Concise History and Description of the Town and Port of Kingston-Upon-Hull, (London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co., 1864), p. 236; Caroline Robbins, ‘Absolute Liberty: The Life and Thought of William Popple, 1638–1708', The William and Mary Quarterly, 24 (1967).

156 The Registers of the French Church, Threadneedle Street, London, p. 223; Minutes of the Consistory of the French Church of London Threadneedle Street: 1679–1692, pp. 110, 37, 62, 67, 318, 24, 61; Robin Gwynn, ‘Overcoming the Conformist/Nonconformist Divide: Huguenot Networking in Later Stuart London', in Huguenot Networks, 1560–1780: The Interactions and Impact of a Protestant Minority in Europe, (Abingdon: Routledge, 2017), (p. 99).

157 Mr Palmer and Mr Newcomen were Overseers of the Poor from 1688 to 1707: GB27 Devon Archives and Local Studies Service: ‘1688 Mayors Account. John Whitrow. Mayor’ DD 63665, DD 63636, ‘1688 Mayoral accounts of William Mannowry of Dartmouth’ and ‘c. 1690 Audit of William Mannowry’s accounts’ DD 63637 and DD 63634.

158 A Narrative of the Proceedings of the General Assembly, p. 16.

159 'Feb 1692', ALA, C/LONDON/CRIPPLEGATE p. 5; James Brooks, ‘Benjamin Keach and the Baptist Signing Controversy: Mediating Scripture, Confessional Heritage, and Christian Unity', (Florida State University, 2006).

160 Thomas Whinnel, A Sober Reply to Mr. Robert Steeds Epistle Concerning Singing, (London, 1691); A Narrative of the Proceedings of the General Assembly, (London, 1692), pp. 9–13; Ivimey, pp. 520–23; Brooks.

161 (3 June 1692) A Transcript of the Registers of the Worshipful Company of Stationers, 1675–1708, p. 402; Robert Boyle, The Origin of Forms and Qualities and Other Publications of 1665–7, (London: Pickering & Chatto, 1999), pp. xlii-xliv.

162 ‘printed for John Taylor at the Ship in St. Paul's Church-yard … ’. Taylor was a member of the General Baptist church at White’s Alley, Moorfields Ivimey (1814), p. 415; Ivimey (1823), pp. 63, 127, 52, 57, 589.

163 ‘Advertisement’ in Robert Boyle, General Heads for the Natural History of a Country, Great or Small; Drawn out of the Use of Travellers and Navigators, (London: Printed for J. Taylor, 1692), pp. 5, 18, 139. ‘Mr Carpenters’ likely refers to Thomas Carpenter, Haberdasher whose stock was valued at £250: ‘City of London, Bread Street Ward, St Mathew's Precinct’ in Keene. ‘Mr Blakies’ might refer to Nicholas Blaky [Blaikie, Blakey] M.A. Edinburgh, whose ‘House near Blackfriars Church’ was licenced for Presbyterian worship in 1672 (on the same day as John Flavell of Dartmouth) and was a minister of the Scots Church at Founders’ Hall, Lothury, and/or the Nicholas Blaky who from 1690 to 1695 was a watchman of the port ‘S.P. Dom., Car. Ii. 320, No. 24', in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles Ii 1671-2, ed. by F. H. Blackburne Daniell (London: HMSO, 1897), pp. 263–327; Alexander Gordon, Freedom after Ejection: A Review 1690–1692 of Presbyterian and Congregational Nonconformity in England and Wales, (London, New York: Longmans, Green & Co, 1917), p. 217.; ‘Out Letters (Customs) XII, p. 246–263’ and ‘Out Letters (Customs) XIII, p. 165’ in Calendar of Treasury Books, 1689–1692, (London: HMSO, 1931), p. 923; Calendar of Treasury Books, 1693–1696 (London: HMSO, 1935), p. 980.

164 William Morgan, London &C. Actually Surveyed, (London: Morgan, 1681).

165 ‘En 1692, il retourna à Londres où la Société royale lui avait offert, dit-on, une position plus avantageuse; mais le landgrave ne tarda pas à le rappeler en lui augmentant son traitement; c'est ce que prouve une lettre de Papin conservée à la Bibl. de l'univ. de Marbourg.’ Eugène Haag and Émile Haag, La France Protestant, Tome 8, (Paris: J. Cherbuliez, 1858), p. 110; David Carnegie Agnew, Protestant Exiles from France Chiefly in the Reign of Louis Xiv (London: Huguenot Society, 1886), p. 152.

166 There is a break of 9 months in the archived Minutes of meetings of the Council of the Royal Society between CMO/2/93 (Alt Ref No CMO/2/85 9 February 1691/2) and CMO/2/94 (Alt Ref No CMO/2/86 of 16 November 1692) followed by a hiatus in numbering before the next item (CMO/2/103 of 28 November 1692). A search of other archived material (Hooke Folio MS/847, CMC, MS/629-47, LBC/11, LBO/11A, JBO/9, JBC/8, MS/561) failed to identify any items related to Papin during 1692 (personal correspondence with Louisiane Ferlier, May 2019). The previous year on 13 May 1691 the Minutes recorded ‘Mr Hook was desired to state his case in relation to his Curator Shipp in writing, that it might be considered in the next Councell’ (CMO/2/91) suggesting that a similar review of the curatorship position may have been conducted the following May, the Minutes now missing.

167 The Diary of Robert Hooke,1688–1690, pp. 192–93; Felicity Henderson, ‘Robert Hooke’s Archive', Script & Print, 33 (2009), 92. ‘The chronological extent of the missing portion and the resuming of the journal in December 1692 in exactly the same codicological format strongly suggest that Sloane 4024 preserves fascicles 1, 2, and 8 of an original sequence’: Will Poole, Felicity Henderson, and Yelda Nasifolgu, ‘Introduction to Robert Hookes Books Database', in Hookesbooks.Com, (2015).

168 Papin wrote from Marburg to Leibniz on 13/23 January 1692, 17/27 April, 26 June/6 July, 3/13 August and 9/19 October Leibniz, pp. 246–51, 94–98, 330–34, 58–62. Other letters attesting or alluding to Papin’s presence at Marburg or Kassel are dated 22 April/2 May 1692 Denis Papin, La Vie Et Les Ouvrages De Denis Papin Tome 7, (Paris; Blois: Franck, 1869), pp. 137–38. 12/22 May and 1/11 June (Leibniz ibid. pp. 309) 24 July/3 August (ibid. pp. 411–412) and 13/23 October (ibid. pp. 412–413). Guillermo Ranea, Alberto, ‘The a Priori Method and the Actio Concept Revised', Studia Leibnitiana, 21 (1989), 43; Alberto Guillermo Ranea, ‘Leibniz Briefwechsel Mit Denis Papin', in Prima Philosophia, (Cuxhaven: R. F de Alemania, 1991), pp. 277–90 (pp. 280–82). Therefore, if Papin visited London at all in 1692, the most likely time window was 13 August to 25 September, months after the publication of General Heads.

169 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Denis Papin, Leibnizens Und Huygens' Briefwechsel Mit Papin, (Berlin: Konigliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1881), pp. 186–98; J. Bertrand, ‘Leibnizens Und Huygens' Briefwechsel Mit Papin', Journal des Savants, (1885); Papin, pp. 178–79.

170 Boyle’s employee Robin Bacon approached Sir Robert Southwell that August seeking employment Hunter and Davis, p. 47.

171 Mårten Triewald, Kort Beschrifning, Um Eld- Och Luft-Machin Vid Dannemore Gruvor, (Stockholm, 1734). § 1–2.

172 Henry Winram Dickinson, Sir Samuel Morland Diplomat and Investor 1625–1695, (Cambridge: W Heffer, 1970), p. 78; Rolt and Allen, p. 19; Kitsikopoulos, p. 322. Morland’s ‘portable engine, moved by watch-work—it had a fire-place and grate’ used for roasting, though perhaps a different device, is mentioned in Roger North, Life of the Right Honourable Francis North, Baron of Guilford, Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, under King Charles Ii and King James Ii, 2 edn (London: W. Clarke and Sons, 1819), p. 251. Morland’s brother Martin (M.A. Wadham 1651) was a Presbyterian minister and academy leader of Hackney: G. Lyon Turner, Original Records of Nonconformity under Persecution and Indugence, (London, Leipsic: T. Fisher Unwin, 1911), pp. 363, 482, 607. Martin's son Joseph inherited Sir Samuel’s ‘mathematical papers’: Samuel Morland and Joseph Morland, Hydrostaticks, or Instructions Concerning Waterworks (London: John Lawrence, 1697), p. A2.

173 Denis Papin, ‘De Usu Tuborum Prægandium Ad Propagandam in Longinquum Vim Motricem fluviorum & C.', Acta Eruditorum 1688 (December 1688) pp. 644–46; Denis Papin, ‘Mémoire Envoyé Par M. Papin Docteur En Medecine & Membre De La Société Royale De Londres, Contenant La Descriptiond'une Nouvelle Machine Qu'il a Inventée Pour Transporter La Force Des Riviéres Dans Des Lieux Fort Éloignez.', Nouvelles de la Republique des Lettres, 1688 (December 1688), pp. 1308–15.

174 Parrott, Stonier (December 1725) letter to Liddell, Cotesworth Papers, Tyne and Wear Archives DF.HUG/42/1 (formerly Gateshead Public Library W/14/17) Hughes, p. 42.

175 State Papers Domestic Entry Book 238, p. 63 and Entry Book 237, p. 230; State Papers Domestic Petition Entry Book 2, p. 409; Oxford University Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson A. 241., fol. 132r; Bennet Woodcroft, Titles of Patents of Invention, Chronologically Arranged, (London: Commissioner of Patents, 1854), p. 66. The strongest evidence for this dating is (1727) ‘Smith v Newcomen’ National Archives C11/689/20 fol. 3 lines 28–29 argued in James Greener (forthcoming article) ‘The Impellent Force of Fire’.

176 This author has found a lack of evidence that John Flavel sponsored a local technological or microfinance network, a thesis proposed in David Richards, ‘Thomas Newcomen and the Environment of Innovation', Industrial Archaeology, 13 (1978), 336. The only data we have on Newcomen’s financing is his testimony of ‘having occasion for money to carry on his affairs did several times borrow and take up at interest several sums of money and in particular one sum of forty pounds from Sarah Dottin’, a neighbour and fellow Baptist: (1728) ‘Newcomen v Prideaux’ National Archives C 11/494/14 fol. 1 lines 1–2.

177 Robison, p. 747.

178 ‘It has been ascertained by personal inquiry at Burlington House that it is not at present known whether these papers of Dr. Hook are still in the possession of the Royal Society’: Robert L. Galloway, The Steam Engine and Its Inventors, (London: Macmillan and Co., 1881). p. 54 fn. 1. Hooke’s papers were bound before Robison’s day.

179 Henry Winram Dickinson and Rhys Jenkins, ‘The Heat Engine Idea in the Seventeenth Century: Discussion', Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 17 (1936), 9.

180 Jenkins, 'Heat Engine', p. 6.

181 Desaguliers, p. 532: ‘Tho. Newcomen, Ironmonger, and John Calley, Glazier, of Dartmouth in the County of Southampton, (Anabaptists)’. A corrected version would read ‘in the District of Southams in the County of Devon, (Baptists)’.

182 Newcomen was indeed a merchant of ironware, buying bar and rod iron from forges in the English Midlands and selling iron nails and tools into the Atlantic trade and to the Cornish tin mines: James Greener, ‘Stourbridge and Steam', The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology, 87 (2017).

183 In reality Newcomen was a leader in Southams Baptist church although both he and his children were ‘sprinkled’ as infants in their parish church. By 1800 the Anglican custom of calling Baptists ‘anabaptist' had abated.

184 Jenkins, 'Heat Engine', p. 6.

185 Dickinson and Jenkins, 'Discussion', p. 10.

186 Jenkins, ‘Heat Engine', p. 8.

187 Rob Iliffe, ‘Material Doubts: Hooke, Artisan Culture and the Exchange of Information in 1670s London', British Journal for the History of Science, 28 (1995); Henderson; Noah Moxham, ‘An Experimental ‘Life' for an Experimental Life: Richard Waller's Biography of Robert Hooke (1705)', The British Journal for the History of Science, 49 (2016).

188 Dickinson and Jenkins, 'Discussion', p. 9.

189 The History of the Royal Society of London, 1679/80–1687, p. 544.

190 Ibid. pp. 545–48; Farey, p. 127.

191 Papin, Denis (26 October 1687) ‘Mr Papin about using gunpowder to raise weights’ RS RBL/7/18, JBO/8/163, 167, 245.

192 Papin, Denis (29 August 1688) ‘Paper on a machine to raise weights by gunpowder’ and letter from Marburg to Edmund King, RS EL/P1/88, 89 ‘de Novo Pulveris Pyrii usu', pp. 497–501.

193 Royal Society EL/P1/88: ‘the valve of my [gunpowder] engine will shut the hole very speedily and exactly’. Papin uses the word ‘speedy’ once in his unpublished manuscript English description of the 1688 gunpowder engine - and nowhere else. The adverbs used in the Nouvelles and the Acta are ‘promptement’ and ‘cito’, neither of which would translate back into English as ‘speedy’. Only the gunpowder engine was speedy, never Papin’s steam cylinder: Greener, ‘A Particular Act of Providence'. R. D'acres, The Art of Water-Drawing, or a Compendious Abstract of All Sorts of Water Machines, or Gins, Practised in the World, (London: Henry Brome, 1660), p. 9. presages Papin: ‘The best heating is by the incensed Air of a close Furnace; The speediest Cooling is by water … For the speedier Intercourse of these two contraries, one may be applyed within side; the other with outside the Cilinder, or Region of the Air; the Cooling water may not enter’.

194 Dickinson had just visited the Royal Society to look at Hooke’s papers but there is not indication that he saw Papin’s letter to Dickinson ‘Discussion', p. 9.

195 Denis Papin, Recueil De Diverses Pièces Touchant Quelques Nouvelles Machines Et Autres Subjets Philosophiques, Etc, (Cassell: Jacob Estinenne, 1695); Denis Papin, Fasciculus Dissertationum De Novis Quibusdam Machinis Atque Aliis Argumentis Philosophicis Quorum Seriem Versa Pagina Exhibet, (Marburg: Jacob Estinne, 1695).

196 Hans Sloane, ‘Account of Books', Philosophical Transactions, 19 (1695/6).

197 Buttall’s patent application was lodged the previous month, see note 175.

198 Richard Nicholls Worth, History of Plymouth: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time, (Plymouth: W. Brendon and Son, 1890), p. 347; The diary of Robert Hooke, 1672–1680, pp. 337, 38, 40, 45, 46, 51, 62, 79–82. i.a; Dickinson and Jenkins, ‘Discussion', p. 10; James Yonge and F. N. L. Poynter, The Journal of James Yonge: 1647–1721, Plymouth Surgeon, (London: Longmans, 1963), p. 163.

199 Angus Armitage, ‘William Ball F.R.S. 1627–1690', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 15 (1960); The Diary of Robert Hooke, 1672–1680, pp. 251–55.

200 The Diary of Robert Hooke, 1672–1680, pp. 272–74, 93, 96, 302, 13–15, 19, 27; Bridget Cherry, ‘The Devon Country House in the Late Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries ‘, Devon Archaeological Society Proceedings, 46 (1998).

201 An occasional conformist, Yonge represented Honiton and was a member of the antipapist Green Ribbon Club M. I. Batten, ‘The Architecture of Dr. Robert Hooke', The Volume of the Walpole Society, 25 (1936), 109–10; Margaret Espinasse, Robert Hooke, (London: William Heinemann, 1956), pp. 94, 117; Goldie, pp. 561, 62, 65, 66; John Trevor Cliffe, The Puritan Gentry Besieged, (London, New York Routledge, 1993), pp. 133–34; Basil Duke Henning, The History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1660–1690, (London: Secker & Warburg, 1983).

202 Pollexfen intermediated with Sir W. Yonge: The Diary of Robert Hooke, 1672–1680, pp. 49, 56, 66, 103, 54, 295, 314, 19, 47, 67, 443, 44; Bridget Cherry, ‘John Pollexfen’s House in Walbrook', in English Architecture Public & Private: Essays for Kerry Downes, ed. by John Bold and Edward Chaney (London: Hambledon Press, 1993), pp. 89–105 (p. 104); Matthew Walker, ‘Architectus Ingenio: Robert Hooke, the Early Royal Society and the Practices of Architecture', (University of York, 2009), pp. 109–10.

203 The commission in Blackheath included almshouses (since demolished) and a chapel (now listed grade 1): John Evelyn, The Diary of John Evelyn, 1677–1706 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), p. 86. recorded that Boone ‘builded and endowed an Hospital for eight poor people with a pretty chapel and all accommodations’ (30 July 1682).

204 Letter ‘[17] London. Thomas Boone (Alicante, 2-6-1648)’ Mercaderes Ingleses En Alicante En El Siglo Xvii: Estudio Y Edición De La Correspondencia Comercial De Richard Houncell & Co, (San Vicente del Raspeig: la Universidad de Alicante, 2008), pp. 130, 361. Letter ‘60. to William Clerke 10 May 1652’ John Paige, The Letters of John Paige, London Merchant, 1648–58, (London: London Record Society, 1984), p. 70. ‘Will of Christopher Boone, Merchant of London 29 July 1686’ NA PROB 11/389/1.

205 A parliamentarian, Thomas Boone had been M.P. for Dartmouth in 1646–1653, 1654 and 1659 and was involved with diplomatic missions to Sweden and Russia. (1653) NA PROB 11/231/403 and (1678) C 7/548/46

206 After the Restoration Thomas Boone protected the ejected minister of St. Petrock’s, Dartmouth, and schoolteacher James Burdwood (1626–1693). From 1665 Burdwood taught rented a farmhouse at Batson in the Parish of Malborough where he ran a school; he moved to near Bedgebury c. 1677 and had returned to Dartmouth by 1684 where he died in 1693: GB27 Devon Archives and Local Studies Service QS 74/27; Edmund Calamy, A Continuation of the Account of the Ministers, Lecturers, Masters and Fellows of Colleges, and Schoolmasters, Who Were Ejected and Silenced after the Restoration in 1660, (London: R. Ford, R. Hett, and J. Chandler, 1727), pp. 244–49; Sarah Prideaux Fox, Kingsbridge and Its Surroundings, (Plymouth, 1874), pp. 76–77; Edward Windeatt, ‘Devonshire and the Indulgence of 1672', Transactions of the Congregational History Society, 1 (1904), 90; Windeatt, 'John Flavell' p. 178; Allan Birdwood, ‘Birdwood Family', Devon & Cornwall Notes & Queries, 12 (1923); Geoffrey Nuttall, ‘James Birdwood and the Quakers', The Journal of the United reformed Church History Society, (1996).

207 8 April 1678 The Diary of Robert Hooke, 1672–1680, p. 352.

208 Margaret March Ezell, ‘Richard Waller, S.R.S.: In the Pursuit of Nature', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 38 (1984), 215. In 1663, following the untimely death of an older Richard Waller, Boone sued both Waller’s widow and her new husband, Mary and Francis Moore [More], and sued Jonathan Blackwell (1615–1660), vintner and Sheriff of Bristol, Alderman of London and Irish Adventurer, whose daughter Anne later married Richard Waller junior. (1663) National Archives Boone v Moore C 6/21/16; Boone v Blackwell C 9/30/19. We can therefore identify Richard Waller senior as Merchant Adventurer of St. Martin’s Ironmonger Lane and a relative of both Sir Hardress Waller the regicide and of Edmund Waller, F.R.S. and Green Ribboner: John Guilim, A Display of Heraldrie, 4 edn (London: Richard Blome, 1660), p. 134.

209 D. W. Hayton, The House of Commons 1690–1715, (London: HMSO, 2002), p. 150.

210 Ivimey, p. 13; Oliver Pasfield, Pendennis & St Mawes, (Truro: W. Lake, 1875), p. 96; J. L. Vivian, Visitations of Cornwall, (Exeter: William Pollard & Co, 1887), p. 253; Steed to Cary, 11 November 1697. Susan’s sister Frances married Robert Steed’s brother Ezekiel, goldsmith of Exeter: Reynell Upham, ‘Trehawke Ms', Devon Notes and Queries, 2 (1903); John C. Street and C. Douglas Peters, A Genealogy of the Rouses of Devon, (Madison, 2002), pp. 55–57; Stephen Dray, A Right Old Confloption Down Penzance, (Southend-on-Sea: Carn Brea Media, 2013), pp. 15–23; Exeter Freemen 1266–1967, ed. Margery M. Rowe and Andrew M. Jackson (Exeter: Devon and Cornwall Record Society, 1973), p. 159. (5 May 1696) ‘Will of Ezekiel Steed, Mercer of Exeter, Devon’ NA, PROB 1/450/76 (Probate 31 March 1699); (2 July 1723) ‘Will of Frances Steed, Widow of Exeter, Devon’ NA, PROB 11/602/20 (Probate 9 February 1725); further details on Susan, see James Greener, ‘Thomas Newcomen and His Great Work', The Journal of the Trevithick Society, 42 (2015), 70–74.

211 'Names of 26 persons committed to Newgate (1 July 1671), ‘Robinson to Williamson’ (2 July 1671), ‘Goodgroome mad, no fighter, a V.M. (Fifth Monarchy) preacher' (21 September): Calendar of State Papers Domestic, Charles II, 1671, ed. Blackburne Daniel, F H (London: HMSO, 1895); ibid. (21 September) ‘Goodgroome mad, no fighter, a V.M. (Fifth Monarchy) preacher.' Session of Peace Roll, 5 Oct., 23 Charles II Jeaffreson, pp. 29–31. Also The Life and Times of Anthony Wood, Antiquary, of Oxford, 1632–1663, (Oxford: Oxford Historical Society, 1891), pp. 126–28; ‘Notes: The Bell Lane Church', Transactions of the Baptist Historical Society, 4 (1914); ‘Welsh Baptists Till 1653', Baptist Quarterly, 1 (1923); ‘The English Career of John Clarke, Rhode Island', The Baptist Quarterly, 1 (1923); Ernest Payne, ‘More About the Sabbatarian Baptists', The Baptist Quarterly, 14 (1951); Katz David, Sabbath and Sectarianism in Seventeenth Century England, (Leiden: Brill, 1988), pp. 103–05; Laurence, p. 130; Richard Greaves, Enemies under His Feet: Radicals and Nonconformists in Britain, 1664–1677, (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990), p. 159; John Gurney, Brave Community: The Digger Movement in the English Revolution, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007), pp. 130–31; David Farr, Major-General Thomas Harrison: Millenarianism, Fifth Monarchism and the English Revolution 1616–1660, (London: Routledge, 2014), pp. 107–08.

212 J. W. Thirtle, ‘A Sabbatarian Pioneer - Dr. Peter Chamberlain. I. The Life-Story', Transactions of the Baptist Historical Society, 2 (1910); J. W. Thirtle, ‘Dr. Peter Chamberlen: Pastor, Propagandist and Patentee', Transactions of the Baptist Historical Society, 13 (1913); Payne; David, pp. 48–55.

213 The History of the Royal Society of London, 1679/80–1687, pp. 80, 99, 320. Chamberlen was however too busy to attend the Royal Society in June 1686, needing to obtain ‘A Pardon to Hugh Chamberlain of all Treasons, misprisons of Treason, Insurrection, Rebellions, & other Crimes and Offenses by him comited before the first day of June instant … ’: (10 June 1686) S.P. 44/337 p. 40 in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: James II, 1686–7, (London: HMSO, 1964), pp. 149–93. He may also be the ‘Mr. Chamberlain’ referred to in The diary of Robert Hooke,1672–80, pp. 405–8, 19., i.a.

214 James Greener, ‘The Design of Accidents: Thomas Newcomen as Natural Philosopher?', Perspectives on Science, (forthcoming).

215 Triewald, p. 1. §1–2.

216 Desaguliers. Plate XXXIX.

217 Celia Fiennes, Through England on a Side Saddle in the Time of William and Mary, (London: Field & Tuer, 1888), pp. 218–19.

218 ‘The Gin by Barells, whereof always one goes up as the other goes downe, will also void great quantities of water … which Engines being so common, and so easy of apprehension, as not to deserve a Cut.’ Robert Plot, The Natural History of Stafford-Shire, (Oxford, 1686), pp. 148–49.

219 Graham Hollister-Short, ‘Antecedents and Anticipations of the Newcomen Engine', Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 52 (1981), 111. Now Stuffental. The original ‘Hüffental’ was corrected in Graham Hollister-Short, ‘Leonardo’s Mechanical Inventions', Le Journal de La Renaissance, 5 (2007), 20.

220 Isaak de Caus, New and Rare Inventions of Water-Works Shewing the Easiest Waies to Raise Water Higher Then the Spring by Which Invention the Perpetual Motion Is Proposed, (London: Joseph Moxon, 1659). p. 17.

221 Letters Kirkby to Boyle 18 August 1668, before 9 December 1671 (lost), March 1672/3, 1676 (lost), September 1680, 1681 (lost), April 1681 (lost), 1683 (two letters lost), 2 February 1683/4 (lost), June 1687 (lost), February 1688 (lost), undated (three letters lost), Boyle to Kirkby, 1689: The Correspondence of Robert Boyle, 1684–91, p. 513. The letters seem to have been disposed of by Henry Miles between the time he catalogued Boyle’s letters (RS BP/36/143v-145v, 161r-2v) and 1769 when the Royal Society received them: Michael Cyril William Hunter, Robert Boyle, 1627–91: Scrupulosity and Science, (Woodbridge England, Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 2000), pp. 265–66.

222 Philosophical Transactions No. 39, 71, 78, 83, 96, 99.

223 RS, Boyle Papers Vol. 36, fols. 144, 145v, 161 Robert Boyle and et al., The Correspondence of Robert Boyle, 1678–83, (London ; Brookfield, VT: Pickering & Chatto, 2001), p. 210.

224 Becher, Johann Joachim (1681) ‘Dedicatio’ Johann Joachim Becher, Tripus Hermeticus Fatidicus Pandens Oracula Chymica: Laboratorium Portabile Cum Minera Superterranea & Subterranea, (Francofurt ad Moenum: Schiele, Johannes Georg, 1689).

225 It is possible that this expedition was presaged by the ‘Preliminar[y] Relation of the Mines in Scotland in Generall’ and sponsored by Prince Rupert: RS BP/23/13–25, 66.

226 Becher, Johann Joachim (1681) ‘Scribebam Truro in Cornubia penes Portum Falmouth’ Johann Joachim Becher, Laboratorium Portabile, (1689). Dedicatio; Johann Joachim Becher, Närrische Weisheit Und Weise Narrheit, (Franckfurt: Zubrod, Johann Peter, 1682), pp. 258–70; Herbert Hassinger, Johann Joachim Becher, 1635–1682, Ein Beitrag Zur Geschichte Des Merkantilismus, (Wien: Adolf Holzhausen, 1951), pp. 216–60; Ingrid Marchlewitz and Ernst Albrecht, Leibniz: Tradition Und Aktualität, (Hannover: Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-Gesellschaft, 1988), pp. 644, 47; Johann Joachim Becher: 1635–1692, (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1993), pp. 9, 96–97.

227 RS, Boyle Papers Vol. 36, fol. 144, 161v. Michael Cyril William Hunter, ‘Alchemy, Magic and Moralism in the Thought of Robert Boyle', The British Journal for the History of Science, 23 (1990), 404–05; The Correspondence of Robert Boyle, 1684-91, pp. 236, 397–414.

228 Thomas Tonkin, ‘Notes to Carew's Survey of Cornwall', in Carew's Survey of Cornwall, ed. by Francis Lord de Dunstanville (London: T. Bensley, 1811), (p. 23).

229 Relistian Tin Mine in the manor of Drinnick lay on the Lanhydrock estate of John Robartes (1606–1685), 1st Earl of Radnor and Viscount Bodmin, from 24 October 1679–24 August 1684 Lord President of the Council, and from 1666 F.R.S. His first wife had been Lucy Rich, sister-in-law of Robert Boyle: Dictionary of National Biography, Reilly-Robins, (London: Smith, Elder & Co, 1896), p. 339; Charlotte Fell-Smith, Mary Rich, Countess of Warwick (1615–1678): Her Family and Friends, (London: Longmans, Green & Co, 1901).

230 Bere, George (29 November 1686) ‘Letter from George Bere junior to Sir John Arundell’ Cornwall Record Office AR/19/43.

231 (undated) RS, BP/26/8r. The manuscript bears similarity to Newcomen’s own hand.

232 Odhelius, Erik (c. 1691) ’ehuruwähl Dr. Becher Berättades kort för sin död en sadan hafwa pa ett ställe I Cornwall med särdeles mytta inrättat.’ in Berättelse om utländska bergverken p. 462, Uppsala Universitetsbibliotek MS. H.602 Graham Hollister-Short, ‘Leads and Lags in Late Seventeenth Century English Technology', History of Technology, 1 (1976), 176.

233 Woodcroft, pp. 10, 36, 43.

234 Heyn an Leibniz 6 February 1686, p. 302. l. 11–12. Heyn stressed Becher was not the originator: ‘Er hat mir nicht einmal gesagt, daß er erst in Cornwall gelernet, was WasserKünste und Metallen weren.’ Friedrich Heyn, ‘165 Friedrich Heyn an Leibniz 16 March 1686 / 26 March 1687', in Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Mathematische Und Technische Briefswechsel, Reihe 3 Band 4 (Juli 1683–1690), ed. by Heinz-Jürgen Heß (Hannover: Akademie Verlag, 1686/7), pp. 312–15 (p. 313). l. 25–26. Ozanan attributed the design of the pump itself to Sir Samuel Morland Stephen Switzer, An Introduction to a General System of Hydrostaticks and Hydraulicks, Philosophical and Practical, (London: T. Astley, S. Austen and L. Gilliver, 1729), pp. 302–03.

235 Carl Böhret, Virtuelle Tagzettel: Des Universalgelehrten Und Politikberaters Johann Joachim Becher, (Speyer: Johann-Joachim-Becher-Ges., 2011), p. 101.

236 Heyn, p. 302. l. 10 ‘Kirkby from Truroe giving an acct. of fish cast on the shore in the great frost they had 2 Feb. 83/4’ RS BP/36/144.

237 Tonkin, p. 23.; Kirkby had disclosed the Popish Plot, implicating Prince James, to King Charles on 13 August 1678.

238 Heyn an Leibniz 6 February 1686, p. 302. l. 22–30. Kirkby may be the ‘Freund’ Heyn intended to take to ‘Cellerfeld’ in November 1685. In the illustration of this engine (Štátny ústredný banský archív, Banská Štiavnica, HKG V, inv.č. 10641), the ‘suck-press’ mechanism resembles an improvement on Morland’s double-acting pump: Samuel Morland, Élévation Des Eaux Par Toute Sorte De Machines Reduite À La Mesure, (Paris: Michallet, Estienne 1685), pp. 35–37. Characteristic is the forking of the pump rods instead of a master rod (Hauptstangen) seemingly aimed at reducing friction by keeping the pump buckets exactly vertical: Hollister-Short, 'Leads and Lags' p. 174.

239 In June Heyn reported this to Leibniz, describing it like that at Relistian and citing its advances over Agricola’s lift pump: Friedrich Heyn, ‘179 Friedrich Heyn an Leibniz 30 June [10 July] 1687', in Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Mathematische Und Technische Briefswechsel, Reihe 3 Band 4 (Juli 1683–1690), ed. by Heinz-Jürgen Heß (Hannover: Akademie Verlag, 1687), pp. 331–32 (p. 331). l. 17–24; Heyn, p. 302. l. 7–21.

240 ‘Philanglus [i.e. Kirkby] his Lr from Brentredersdorfe about an AEliopile & Saxon Minerals- June 87’ RS, BP/36/161 in ibid.; ‘Brentredersdorfe’ is likely a transcription error for Ehrenfriedersdorf, the type location of Agricola’s lift pumps: The Correspondence of Robert Boyle, 1684–91, p. 216. This æolipile was likely a reference to the account of a steam-powered toy cart newly published in Bavaria: Ferdinand Verbiest, Astronomia Europaea, (Dilingae: J.C. Bencard, 1687), p. 88; Engineering in History, (New York: Dover, 1990), p. 267. The original text is translated as: ‘[The Jesuits] caused a Waggon to be made of light Wood about two Foot long, in the middle of it they placed a Brasen Vessel full of live Coals, and upon that an Aeolipile [boiler], the Wind of which came through a little Pipe upon a sort of Wheel made like the Sails of a Windmill; this little Wheel turned another with an Axle-tree, and by that means set the Waggon in Motion for two Hours together;’ Jean- Baptiste du Halde, The General History of China, (London: John Watts, 1736), pp. 75–56. Discounted is the relevance of ‘Newton’s Carriage’, a reputed steam-powered vehicle built by Willem Jacob ’s Gravesande (1688–1742) e.g. Ahmed F. El-Sayed, Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines, (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2008), p. 6. Boyle had earlier experimented with an æolipile Robert Boyle, Animadversions Upon Mr. Hobbess Problemata De Vacuo, (London: Moses Pitt, 1674), p. 94; Robert Boyle, The Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle, (London: A. Millar, 1744), pp. 196–97.

241 E.g. Kirkby, Christopher (29 March/8 April 1671) To Henry Oldenburg, RS EL/K/7 and LBO/4/98 Henry Oldenburg and et al., The Correspondence of Henry Oldenburg, 1670–1671, (Madison, Milwaukee and London: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1970), pp. 540–42. S. H. Scott, ‘A Calendar of the Papers and Documents in the Possession of Mr. James Burrow of Hill Top', Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society, 20 (1920), 179; Anna Bissett, The Eastland Company York Residence: Register of Admissions to the Freedom 1646–1689 and Register of Apprentices 1642–1969, (York: University of York, 1996), pp. 1–13.

242 Scarlett’s 1690 Acta letter (see note 143) was asking details of Papin’s invention of a diving engine. Interestingly Kirby was lead investor in the company formed around the 1691 diving engine patent of Joseph Williams of St. Hilary in Cornwall: NA C 8/556/79 Williams v Walthoe (1693); John Weale, ‘Progress of Machinery and Manufactures in Great Britain, from the Saxon Era to the Reign of Queen Anne', Quarterly Papers on Engineering, 5 (1846), 226; James R. Sutherland, ‘Some Early Troubles of Daniel Defoe', The Review of English Studies, 9 (1933), 284; F. Bastian, Defoe's Early Life, (London: Macmillan, 1981), p. 167; Peter Earle, Treasure Hunt: Shipwreck, Diving, and the Quest for Treasure in an Age of Heroes, (London: Macmillan, 2008), pp. 117–18.

243 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Sämtliche Schriften Und Briefe Reihe 3, Band 4, (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1995), pp. lii, 302 ff.

244 Maria Rosa Antognazza, Leibniz, an Intellectual Biography, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 284.

245 From 1678 to 1686 Ulrich Horst, ‘Leibniz Und Der Bergbau', Der Anschnitt, 18 (1966); Günter B. Fettweis, ‘Leibiz Und Der Bergbau', in Theoria Cum Praxi. Aus Der Welt Des Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, ed. by Hermann Hunger (Wien: Kommission für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, Mathematik und Medizin, 2002), pp. 29–68; Friedrich-Wilhelm Wellmer and Jürgen Gottschalk, ‘Leibniz Scheitern Im Oberharzer Silberbergbau – Neu Betrachtet, Insbesondere Unter Klimatischen Gesichtspunkten', Studia Leibnitiana, 42 (2010).

246 Leibniz, Gottfried (1688) Reise-Journal 1687–1688, Niedersächsischen Landesbibliothek Hannover Handscrift XLI Faszitel 3, Bl. 43 r^o Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Friedrich Heyn, Reise-Journal 1687–1688, (Hildesheim: Olms, G., 1966); Eike Christian Hirsch, Der Berühmte Herr Leibniz: Eine Biographie, (München C. H. Beck, 2007), pp. 212–13.

247 Findekeller, Christoph Daniel (7/17 February 1687/8) ‘an Leibniz’ in Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, SäMtliche Schriften Und Briefe Reihe 1 Allgemeiner Politischer Und Historischer Briefwechsel, Band 5 1687–1690, (Darmstadt: Akademie Verlag, 1954). N. 21, lines 10–12.

248 ‘Philangus a Lr ptly in Cypher- Feb. 88’ RS BP/36/161 in The Correspondence of Robert Boyle, 1684–91, p. 246.

249 Tonkin, p. 23. p. 23. Embarkations for the ‘Glorious Crossing’ began on 22 September.

250 Boyle, Robert (29 April 1689) Boyle to Kirkby in Boyle (1744) Vol. 5 pp. 244 and Vol. 6 pp. 288–9.

251 R. Fleming, ‘2719. R. Fleming to Sir D. F', in The Manuscripts of S.K. Le Fleming, Esq., of Rydal Hall, ed. by J. A. Bennett (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1890), p. 266.

252 Tonkin, p. 23.

253 ‘Credo quendam Dn. Kirkby, qui in fodinis Saxoniae Superioris nonnihil versatus fuerat, atque ibi machinas quasdam proposuerat, nunc in Angliam rediisse, et ni fallor in Cornubia versari’: Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (24 May/3 June 1692) ‘80. Leibniz an Henri Justel für Edmond Halley’ in Leibniz. p. 313 lines 12–14.

254 See note 168 ut supra.

255 (19 July 1692) ‘James Wood, Thomas Addison, Christopher Kirby, Office of the Sick and Wounded’ NA ADM 106/423/103.

256 John Hawkins, ‘On the State of Our Tin Mines at Different Periods', Transactions of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, 4 (1830). On Löffler and Moult & Co, Greener, 'Great Work', pp. 82–84.

257 Mårten Triewald, Short Description of the Fire- and Air-Machine at the Dannemora Mines, (London: The Newcomen Society, 1928 [1734]), p. 1. §2; Thomas Newcomen, ‘The Several Answers of Thomas Newcomen' (1727), in Smith v Newcomen, NA C11/689/20 fol. 3 l.15.

258 (2 August 1692) ‘James Welwood, Thomas Addison, Christopher Kirby’ NA ADM 106/423/108; (20 March 1696) Norfolk Record Office Y/C 36/15/54; (3 June 1698) NA ADM 106/523/93; (22 June 1698) ‘5. Representation of the Com^rs for Sick and Wounded Seamen’ Calendar of Treasury Papers, 1697–1702, (London: HMSO, 1871), pp. 172–83. June 21-July 14, 1698; (29 June 1709) ‘Warrant by [Treasurer Godolphin] to the Queen's Remembrancer for stay of process against the late Commissioners for Sick and Wounded (Dr. James Welwood, Thomas Addison, Anthony Sheppard, Christopher Kirkby and David Elder); the state of their final account having been laid before the Lord Treasurer’ in ‘Warrants not Relating to Money’ XX p. 383 Calendar of Treasury Books, 1709, (London: HMSO, 1952), pp. 232–40.; Samuel Baston, ‘Bastons Case Vindicated', (1695).

259 (24 September 1693) ‘Christopher Kirkby to Sir John Trenchard’ H.O. Admiralty 6, No. 105 in Calendar of State Papers Domestic: William and Mary, 1693, (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1903), pp. 72–93.: ‘I have examined at Totnes and Dartmouth the grounds of complaints made by reason of sick seamen being quartered amongst the inhabitants, and find they have arisen by people informing the poor folks there is no act of parliament to oblige them to receive the sick seamen into their houses, and blaming the government because there are not hospitals provided, whereas they ought to consider whence the money should first be raised.’

260 Mokyr, ‘Great Enrichment', p. 4.

261 Dickinson, A Short History of the Steam Engine, pp. 29–30.

262 Letters from an anonymous descendants of Thomas Newcomen Thomas Lidstone, Notes on the Model of Newcomen's Steam-Engine (1705), (London: E. & F.N. Spon, 1876), pp. 5–6.

263 Beighton, p. 533.

264 Bell et al. ‘Who Becomes an Inventor in America? The Importance of Exposure to Innovation', The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 134 (2019), 648. ascribe inventiveness to a ‘role model or network effect’ and Kealey and Ricketts, p. 26. assert a quest for tacit knowledge from others’ research. Network density can therefore be a double disincentive to invent – the ready availability of know-how and the difficulty in protecting intellectual property.

265 Triewald (1928), p. 1. §1; Newcomen, NA C11/689/20 fol. 3 l.15.

266 E.g. Clarence O Becker and Titley Arthur, ‘The Valve Gear of Newcomen's Engine', Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 10 (1929).

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