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Articles

Establishing an experimental agenda at the Accademia del Cimento: Carlo Rinaldini’s book lists

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Pages 112-142 | Received 23 Jun 2022, Accepted 16 Nov 2022, Published online: 21 Jan 2023
 

ABSTRACT

Information on the origins of the Accademia del Cimento is extremely limited. Almost all of the surviving correspondence relating to the year before the Academy began its activities variously concerns print culture. Lists of books (read, studied, purchased, and researched), handwritten notes on old or new publications, vernacular translations of edited passages, and inquiries about new works punctuate the archive. The study of these lists and of the relationship between reading practices and ones related to annotation and knowledge production leads to a reinterpretation of certain aspects of the Accademia del Cimento, suggesting the pursuit of a more flexible agenda.

Through the analysis of some book lists, this contribution aims to shed light on the presence in Florence of interconnected groups of scholars, common epistemic practices, and a kind of methodological unity centred on the sharing of materials and agreement concerning the need to subject theories to experimental verification.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1 Paolo Galluzzi, ‘L’Accademia del Cimento: “gusti” del principe, filosofia e ideologia dell’esperimento’, Quaderni storici, 48 (1981), 788-844.

2 On this point, and particularly on the possibility of profitably comparing certain aspects of the Cimento and the Royal Society, see: Mordechai Feingold, ‘The Accademia del Cimento and the Royal Society’, in The Accademia del Cimento and its European Context, ed. by Marco Beretta, Antonio Clericuzio, Lawrence M. Principe (Sagamore Beach: Science History Publications, 2009), 229-42. For analyses that consider the process of institutionalization of science in Europe by also taking account of the Florentine case, see: Mario Biagioli, ‘Le prince et les savants: la civilité scientifique au XVIIe siècle’, Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales, 50–6 (1995), 1417-53; Mario Biagioli, ‘Etiquette, Interdependence, and Sociability in Seventeenth-Century Science’, Critical Inquiry, 22 (1996), 193-238; and Marco Beretta, ‘At the source of western science: the organization of experimentalism at the Accademia del Cimento (1657–1667)’, Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond. 54–2 (2000), 131–151.

3 Paula Findlen, ‘Controlling the Experiment: Rhetoric, Court Patronage and the Experimental Method of Francesco Redi’, History of Science, 31 (1993), 35-64.

4 Biagioli, ‘Etiquette, Interdependence, and Sociability’.

5 See especially Feingold, ‘The Accademia del Cimento’; Mordechai Feingold, ‘Confabulatory Life’, in Duncan Liddel (1561-1613). Networks of Polymathy and the Northern European Renaissance, ed. by Pietro D. Omodeo (Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2016), 22-34; Ugo Baldini, ‘Tra due paradigmi? La Naturalis philosophia di Carlo Rinaldini’, in Galileo e la scuola galileiana nelle Università del Seicento, ed. by Luigi Pepe (Bologna: CLUEB, 2011), 189-222; Domenico Bertoloni Meli, ‘Authorship and Teamwork around the Cimento Academy: Mathematics, Anatomy, Experimental Philosophy’, Early Science and Medicine, 6–2 (2001), 65-95.

6 These are the seminal but often hagiographic studies of the 18th-19th centuries that established the Accademia del Cimento as the first great scientific society in modern Europe. See Vincenzio Antinori, ‘Introduzione’, in Saggi di naturali esperienze fatte nell’Accademia del Cimento (Florence: Tipografia Galileiana, 1841), i-cxxxiv; Angelo Fabroni, Lettere inedite di uomini illustri per servire d’appendice all’opera intitolata Vitae Italorum doctrina excellentium (Florence: Stamperia di F. Moücke, 1773-1775); Giovan Battista Clemente Nelli, Saggio di Storia letteraria fiorentina del secolo XVII scritta in varie lettere (Lucca: Giuntini, 1759); Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti, Atti e memorie inedite dell'Accademia del Cimento (Florence: Tofani, 1780). The influential study by Middleton is the first attempt to recast the main features of the Academy from a modern perspective. By relying on the wealth of information contained in the new edition of the Saggi di naturali esperienze (1667), Middleton presents new documents discovered in the Florence State Archives and pays special attention to the extraordinary instrumental turn that characterized Florentine society: William Edgar Knowles Middleton, The Experimenters: A Study of the Accademia del Cimento (Baltimore-London: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1971).

7 Furthermore, rivalries and contrasts also existed within the Royal Society or the Académie Royale des Sciences in Paris.

8 ‘[…] in proposito delle cose sperimentali’. Rinaldini to Leopoldo, November 6th, 1656. BNCF, MS Gal. 275, fols 44r-47r.

9 Le opere dei discepoli di Galileo Galilei. Vol. II, Carteggio 1649-1656, ed. by Paolo Galluzzi and Maurizio Torrini (Florence, Giunti-Barbera, 1984), 377-383.

10 One exception is Ugo Baldini’s seminal essay (Baldini, ‘Tra due paradigmi?’).

11 Cosimo Galilei to Viviani, January 3rd, 1658, BNCF, MS Gal. 161, fols 119rv.

12 Borelli to Paolo del Buono, October 10th, 1657, published in Fabroni, II, p. 95. See also: Galluzzi, ‘L’Accademia del Cimento’.

13 See, among others, Carlo Rinaldini, ‘Commercium epistolicum ab eodem cum viris eruditione, doctrinaque praestantibus olim habitum … ’ in Id., Mathematum analyticae artis pars tertia, in qua secretiora cum arithmeticae tum geometriae mysteria deteguntur eademque ars prorsus absolvitur (Padua: Frambotti, 1684), p. 44. ‘[…] Ma come cresca di mole l’acqua nell’agghiacciarsi, resta ch’io brevemente spieghi, in grazia di che mi convien riferire quel tanto s’aspetta al modo dell’agghiacciamento tanto naturale, quanto artificiale tratto dall’osservazioni, da me più, e più volte fatte col Serenissimo Principe Leopoldo appresso il quale (sia detto senza iattanza) io fui il primo à persuaderlo intraprendere l’esperienze delle cose naturali, onde per commandamento del medesimo, diedi principio all’impresa, d’onde ne seguì, per secondare il genio del Serenissimo Gran Duca l’istituzione dell’Accademia del Cimento all’essempio della quale altri intrapresero à far l’esperienze, che poi hanno divulgate, à noi già prima note’.

14 Fabroni, I, pp. 56-9.

15 Middleton, p. 47.

16 Luciano Boschiero, Experiment and Natural Philosophy in Seventeenth-Century Tuscany: The History of the Accademia del Cimento (Dordrecht: Springer, 2007), p. 111.

17 See: Maurizio Torrini, ‘La biblioteca di Galilei e dei galileiani’, Intersezioni, 21–3 (2001), 545-55, p. 557; and, again, Middleton, p. 56.

18 Rinaldini makes a general reference to Javelli’s ‘opera omnia’.

19 Among the most recent studies, see: Jesuit Philosophy on the Eve of Modernity, ed. by Cristiano Casalini (Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2019); Hellen Hattab, ‘Renaissance Aristotelianism(s)’, in The Cambridge History of Philosophy of the Scientific Revolution, ed. by Dana Jalobeanu and David Marshall Miller (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022); A Companion to the Spanish Scholastics, ed. by Harald Ernst Braun, Erik De Bom, and Paolo Astorri (Leiden, Boston: Brill 2022).

20 ‘Invio a V.A.S una lista più copiosa di quella che già le trasmisi, havendovvi aggiunto alcuni libri che da qualche medico mi vengono rappresentati per più opportuni a quanto si desiderava […]’. Rinaldini to Leopoldo, November 15th, 1656. BNCF, MS Gal. 275, fol. 48r. Published in: Le opere dei discepoli di Galileo Galilei, II, p. 381.

21 Georgiana D. Hedesan. ‘Alchemy and Paracelsianism at the Casino di San Marco in Florence’, Nuncius 37 (2022), 119–143; Marco Beretta. ‘Material and Temporal Powers at the Casino di San Marco (1574–1621)’, in Laboratories of Art, ed. by Sven Dupré (Cham: Springer, 2014), 129-56.

22 Domenico Bertoloni Meli, Mechanism, Experiment, Disease: Marcello Malpighi and Seventeenth-Century Anatomy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011); Bertoloni Meli, ‘Authorship and Teamwork’; Maria Conforti, ‘The Experimenters’ Anatomy’, in The Accademia del Cimento and its European Context, ed. by M. Beretta and others, 31-44.

23 Marcello Malpighi, ‘Vita a seipso scripta’ in Opera posthuma (London: A.&J. Churchill, 1697).

24 Marcello Malpighi, Memorie di me Marcello Malpighi ai miei posteri fatte in villa l’anno 1689, ed. by C. Zanichelli (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1902).

25 ‘Interea pro exercenda, exponendaque Anatome Clarissimus D. Claudius Auberius Patavio Pisas evocatur, qui Doctissimi D. Borelli domi frequentes habebat animalium sectiones, inter quas celebris est ea, qua me praesente innotuit testium structura intestinalis compaginata in apro deprehensa, & sub nomine Vavelii Dathirii Bonclari evulgata. Tunc pariter in Serenissimis M. D. Principibus ingens excitata est curiositas rerum Anatomicarum, & Physicarum, unde quotidianae in aula ipsa exercitationes anatomicae in variis brutis exercebantur, quibus interpositis graviores politicae curae temperabantur. Hinc famosa celebrisque Cimenti Academia excitata est’. Malpighi, ‘Vita a seipso scripta’, p. 4.

26 Curiously, for instance, in 1681 the Florentine astrologer Francesco Barzini referred to an ‘Academy of Philosophers and Physicians’ in relation to experiments conducted at Palazzo Pitti: ‘Nella Corte di queste Altezze Serenisime, fino al tempo di Ferdinando II di gl. Mem. fioriva nel Palazzo dei Pitti un’Accademia di Filosofi e Medici, dove si ventilavano degl’Insetti con sottil Anatomia tutte le parti, nel qual tempo, e dai medesimi, e dall’istesso Principe, furno fatte per mezzo del Microsopio osservazioni di questi Bachi nell’Aceto, perché è cosa ordinaria che l’Aceto abbia in se sempre i Bachi’. Francesco Barzini, Dichiarazione della vera causa de' bachi che si vedono nell'aceto, e della morìa degli animali (Florence: Vincenzio Vangelisti, 1681), p. 3.

27 See: BNCF, MS Gal. 268, fols 155r-165r, partially published in: Le Opere dei discepoli di Galileo Galilei: L’Accademia del Cimento, ed. by G. Abetti and P. Pagnini (Florence: Barbera, 1942), 449-52.

28 Arrighetti to Viviani, October 27th, 1656. BNCF, MS Gal. 254, fols 46r-47r. Published in: Le opere dei discepoli di Galileo Galilei. Vol. II, Carteggio 1649-1656, p. 373.

29 Viviani to Bérigard, October 30th, 1655. BNCF, MS Gal. 98, fol. 62r. Published in: Le opere dei discepoli di Galileo Galilei. Vol. II, Carteggio 1649-1656, pp. 270-1.

30 Feingold, ‘The Accademia del Cimento’; Feingold, ‘Confabulatory Life’, pp. 31-3.

31 Mordechai Feingold, Before Newton. The Life and Times of Isaac Barrow (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 49.

32 See, among others, Sarah Hutton, British Philosophy in the Seventeenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), pp. 26-50.

33 See, for instance, Historia: Empiricism and Erudition in Early Modern Europe, ed. by Gianna Pomata and Nancy G. Siraisi (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2005), p. 17.

34 Feingold, ‘Confabulatory Life’. In his essay, Feingold also quotes Henry Guerlac: ‘[…] as historians of ideas we are happiest when we can navigate from the firm ground of one document to the next, and we are prone to forget how great a part travel, gossip and word-of-mouth have played in the diffusion of scientific knowledge, indeed of knowledge of all sorts’. Henry Guerlac, Henry, Newton on the Continent (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1981), p. 46.

35 ‘Per ubbidire ai comandamenti di V.A.S. l’invio la nota di quei libri de’ quali mi son servito e sono per servirmi in proposito delle cose sperimentali, ad effetto che altri, a’ quali l’A.V.S. dia incumbenza di fare il medesimo, non si vaglino degl’istessi libri’. Rinaldini to Leopoldo, November 6th, 1656. BNCF, MS Gal. 275, fols 44r-47r; published in: Le opere dei discepoli di Galileo Galilei. Vol. II, Carteggio 1649-1656, p. 377.

36 ‘Il modo nel quale mi contento nel notare le cose attenenti alle speculazioni fisiche è questo’. Ibid. p. 380.

37 ‘Se ritrovo la sentenza da poterla racchiudere in breve parole, la noto con additare il luogo dell’autore, come sarebbe a dire: “Pendula ex filo undantia aequali velocitate moveri semper, sive pendeant ex longiori, sive ex breviori filo. Ova supernatant in aqua salsa. Serra incalescit dum secat, lignum vero non. Acetum est verminibus plenum. Motus localis non est sensibilis in re nisi simul cognoscantur duo stantia. Frigus ante auroram augetur. Ferrum contusione incandescit frigido remanente malleo. Ferrum ignitum fit maius. Flumina velocius fluunt, dum tument non tamen tota illa aqua velocius fluit. Flumina retardata a vento non excrescunt pro ratione retardationis. Salis quantitas, quae in aqua solvitur est pro medietate aquae. Salsedo non facit aquam crassiorem”. E così dell’altre somiglianti, notando in ciascheduna il luogo dell’autore di dove io l’ho prese’. Ibid.

38 ‘Quando poi si ricercha la cagione di qualche cosa, che si suppone esser così […] quantunque siano note e già manifeste per l’esperienza, nulladimeno si richiede meditatione non ordinaria per investigarne la loro cagione; sì che dall’altre non saran differenti, salvo che in questo di non aver bisogno d’esser sperimentate’. Ibid.

39 ‘Le vado notando in questa forma per più brevità, perché ad ogni modo volendosi a suo tempo esaminare con l’esperienza e discorrere sopra quanto viene da esso autore asserito converrà di ritornarlo a vedere a’ luoghi citati’. Ibid.

40 A Spoglio di autori diversi fatto dal Sig. Dott. Carlo Rinaldini l’anno 1656, con indice dei suddetti autori appears in the Inventario dei libri manoscritti dell’Accademia del Serenissimo Principe Leopoldo di Toscana (BNCF, MS Gal. 290, fols 1r-6r). It was probably given to Lorenzo Magalotti by Alessandro Segni when the former succeeded the latter in the role of secretary. A Spoglio abbondantissimo di diversi autori fatto dal Rinaldini is also present in the Nota di libri e manoscritti di Alessandro Segni (BNCF, MS Gal. 290, fol. 7r). Targioni Tozzetti claims to have found it in the Archives of the Regio Fisco while he was consulting the manuscripts of the Segni bequest; he describes it as ‘un Codice in foglio, alto tre dita, dove con ottimo Carattere e con buon’ ordine, si ha un diligente Spoglio di molti Autori Antichi, che trattano di Cose Fisiche’. Targioni Tozzetti, I, p. 377.

41 What remains of the unpublished diaries written by the Academy’s members is preserved in the Galileo Collection at the BNCF. A single manuscript (Gal. 260) collects the reports of experiments carried out in the years 1657, 1658, 1660, 1661, and 1662, which were subsequently used to compile the diaries. Various hands can be identified, most notably those of Magalotti, Rinaldini, Segni, and Viviani, who also made an incomplete copy of the diary for 1657. Moreover, there are two further copies of the diaries in an unknown hand. The first (Gal. 261), presumably coeval with the Academy, records the experiments conducted from June 1657 to January 1658, with brief descriptions and accurate drawings of the instruments. The second copy (Gal. 262), dating from a later phase, is the only one to cover the Academy’s entire span of activity, given that the original diary is lost; this copy records experiments from 19 June 1657–6 March 1667. A further manuscript (Gal. 259) collects the experiments conducted from 1653 to 1658, which Middleton (1971) ascribes to an earlier academy, under the patronage of Ferdinand II. The diaries amount to ca. 850 folios.

42 ‘Si scorse parte dello spoglio degli autori fatto dal Signor Rinaldini a fine di notare ciò che pareva esperimentabile, confermare ciò che vi si ritrovava di vero autenticato dalle nostre esperienze, rigettare le cose riconosciute per false e resecare quelle notizie che non conducevano al nostro fine, o si rendevano strane a credersi, o parevano affatto aliene dal potersi ridurre a esperienza’, June 25th, 1660. BNCF, MS Gal. 260, fol. 108v.

43 ‘Si scelsero diverse esperienze di quelle dello Spoglio degli autori fatto dal Sig.r Rinaldini quali si noteranno a suo luogo’. Ibid., fol. 109r.

44 See: Scelta dell’esperienze messe nello spoglio dal Signor Rinaldini fatta da S. A. S, et un foglio con altre strutture dal Signor Alessandro Segni, BNCF, MS Gal. 268, fols 184r-196r.

45 Targioni Tozzetti, I, p. 377.

46 ‘Si provo mescolare tanto aceto e tanto vino, nell’istessa quantità d’acqua calda […] non si vedde differenza’. BNCF, MS. Gal. 268, fol. 184r.

47 ‘Praeterea acetum vini quaedam natura est et vis. De omnibus autem restinguentibus nihil est, quod igni magis adversetur: omnium maxime id flammam vincit et comprimit ob exsuperantem frigiditatem’. Plutarch, Quaestionum convivialium, lib. 3, Quaestio 5, 13.

48 See the long autobiographical letter written by Viviani to the abbot and marquis Salvati on April 5, 1697 in Fabroni, II, 4-22, p. 6.

49 Indice di libri del Signor Viviani, BNCF, MS Gal. 155, fols 44r-54v. Favaro reports having consulted a more detailed catalog; unfortunately, the document has probably been lost: Antonio Favaro, Documenti inediti per la storia dei manoscritti galileiani nella Biblioteca nazionale di Firenze (Roma: Tipografia delle scienze matematiche e fisiche, 1886), p. 49. See also Simon Dumas Primbault, ‘Un milieu d’encre et de papier. Brouillons, notes et papiers de travail dans les archives personnelles de Vincenzio Viviani (1622-1703)’, Cahiers François Viète, 3–10 (2021), 21-54.

50 Elenco dei libri acquistati, BNCF, MS Gal. 217, fols 15r-24v. This is a detailed list of books purchased by Viviani probably up to 1661, since their publication dates range from 1476 to 1661 (Viviani also reports the price of each volume). See Dumas Primbault.

51 On the organizing of these ‘casse’ see, again, Dumas Primbault.

52 References can also be found, however, in his letters to other correspondents. See, for example, his correspondence with Giovanni Bellincioni (BNCF, MS Gal. 254, fols 21r, 23r-26v, 48r-49v) or his letter of July 16th, 1644, to Mélchisedec Thevenot, in which he inquires about works by Roberval and Gassendi (among others). BNCF, MS Gal. 252, fols 1r-v, published in: Le opere dei discepoli di Galileo Galilei. Vol. I, Carteggio 1642-1648, ed. by Paolo Galluzzi, and Maurizio Torrini (Florence, Giunti-Barbera, 1975), pp. 145-6.

53 On this point, see the following section.

54 Diodati to Viviani, June 24th, 1656. BNCF, MS Gal. 97, fols 17r-20v, published in Le opere dei discepoli di Galileo Galilei. Vol. II, Carteggio 1649-1656, pp. 349-355.

55 These titles are not included in the partial inventory of his library or in the above-mentioned list of books purchased.

56 In the list, Diodati highlights in red the books noted by Viviani in an earlier letter, now lost. See: Galluzzi, and Torrini (1984: 352-355). Although the letter could not be found, a copy of the books Viviani requested from Diodati on March 17th, 1656 has been preserved. The titles listed in it match those underlined by Diodati. See: Copia di nomi di libri chiesti all’eccellentissimo signor Elia Diodati con lettera del 17 marzo 1656, BNCF, MS Gal. 97, fols 48rv.

57 ‘Circa i libri domandatimi, pochi se ne sono trovati di quelli che V.S. mi ha notati, de’ quali, come de gl’altri che mi è paruto dover confarsi col suo genio, V.S. ne vedrà i pretii, de’ quali potrà farne la scelta et darmene l’ordine, il quale sarà da me puntualmente esseguito’, Le opere dei discepoli di Galileo Galilei. Vol. II, Carteggio 1649-1656, pp. 351-2.

58 See: Diodati to Viviani, June 1st, 1657, BNCF, MS Gal. 97, fols 38r-40r. The crate did not reach Viviani until early 1658. See: Viviani to Diodati, November 12th, 1657; Diodati to Viviani, December 14th, 1657; Diodati to Viviani, December 28th, 1657; Viviani to Diodati, January 6th, 1658 (BNCF, MS Gal. 97, fols 51rv); Diodati to Viviani, May 3rd, 1658 (BNCF, MS Gal. 97, fols 46r-48v, 49rv, 50r, 51rv, 52r).

59 ‘Di tutti q.ti è pregata V.S. instantem.te a farne particolar ricerca e principalmente de i notati con * de quali non ne trovando stampati procuri di grazia di farne far copie manuscritte ben corrette, e con le figure esatte avvisando la spesa etc’. BNCF, MS Gal. 97, fols 47rv. The same kind of request to obtain a manuscript copy, should a printed one not be found, is made with regard to Pascal’s text in the above-mentioned Copy of names of books requested to the most excellent Mr. Elia Diodati by letter of March 17th, 1656, probably sent to Diodati on November 12th, 1657.

60 Although the copy requested through Diodati probably did not reach him until early 1658, Viviani had also sought one in Lyon through the bookseller Cocchi, but there is no information as to the outcome of this request. Moreover, in a letter dated January 17, 1654, Giovan Battista Baliani announced to Famiano Michelini in Pisa the reprinting of Pecquet’s work in Genoa and promised to send him a copy as soon as it would be available. Le opere dei discepoli di Galileo Galilei. Vol. II, Carteggio 1649-1656, p. 122. There are no further traces of this promise either, but the possibility that the copy was actually sent to Tuscany cannot be ruled out. This letter, as well as Viviani’s interest in Pecquet’s work in relation to vacuum experiments, is also mentioned by Bertoloni Meli: Domenico Bertoloni Meli, ‘The Collaboration Between Anatomists and Mathematicians in the Mid-Seventeenth Century’, Early Science and Medicine, 13–6 (2008), 665-709, p. 667.

61 BNCF, MS Gal. 248, fols 116r-123r.

62 BNCF, MS Gal. 248, fols 154r-157r. See also: Principi meccanici del Descartes copiati dal Viviani in pag.e 6, BNCF MS. Gal. 221, fols 1r-6v. On the latter, see: Luigi Guerrini, ‘Note sulle traduzioni manoscritte delle opere cartesiane’, Giornale critico della filosofia italiana, 16, pp. 500-507; Paolo Galluzzi, ‘Il dibattito scientifico in Toscana (1666-1686)’, in Niccolò Stenone e la scienza in Toscana alla fine del ’600. Mostra documentaria ed iconográfica, ed. by Lionello Negri, Nicoletta Morello, Paolo Galluzzi (Florence: Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, 1986).

63 Dalla traduzione del trattato di Galeno del modo da conoscere e da medicare le proprie passioni dell'animo fatta vulgare per Francesco Betti, BNCF, MS Gal. 248, fols 158r-161v.

64 Appunti sulla velocità del suono, BNCF, MS Gal. 246, fols 79r-80r.

65 BNCF, MS Gal. 246, fols 66r-69v.

66 BNCF, MS Gal. 156, fols 4r-5v.

67 Appunti autografi intorno alle Experiences Nouvelles touchant le vuide, BNCF, MS Gal. 259, fol. 5r.

68 Torricelli to Ricci, June 11th, 1644, BNCF, MS Gal. 154, fols 1r-2v.

69 Lorenzo Magalotti, Saggi di Naturali Esperienze (Florence: Giuseppe Cocchini, 1667). English translation in Middleton, p. 108.

70 See: Alfonso Mirto, La biblioteca del Cardinal Leopoldo De’ Medici. Catalogo (Firenze: Olschki, 1990).

71 Some studies have been conducted on the book trade in Florence as well as on Leopold’s and Antonio Magliabechi’s relationships with bookstores and printers. See, for instance, Ian Maclean, Episodes in the Life of the Early Modern Learned Book (Leiden- Boston: Brill, 2021); Beatrice Paolozzi Strozzi, ‘Leopoldo De’ Medici e la libreria Capponi’, Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Classe di Lettere e Filosofia, s. IV, 3-1/2 (1998), 243-259; Alfonso Mirto, ‘Librai veneziani del Seicento: i Combi-La Noù ed il commercio librario con Firenze’, La Bibliofilía, 94–1 (1992), 61-88; Id. Il carteggio degli Huguetan con Antonio Magliabechi e la corte medicea ascesa e declino di un'impresa editoriale nell'Europa seisettecentesca (Catanzaro: Rubbettino, 2005); Pieter Blaeu: lettere ai Fiorentini Antonio Magliabechi, Leopoldo e Cosimo iii de’ Medici, e altri, 1660–1705, ed. by Alfonso Mirto and Henk Th. van Veen (Florence, Istituto Universitario olandese di Storia dell’Arte, Amsterdam etc.: APA-Holland University Press, 1993); Marco Cavarzere, ‘Commercio librario e lettori nel Seicento italiano: i cataloghi di vendita’, Rivista di Storia del Cristianesimo, 9 (2012), 363–84.

72 Paolo Galluzzi, ‘Lettere di Giovanni Alfonso Borelli ad Antonio Magliabechi’, Physis, 12 (1970), 267-98.

73 Ugo Baldini, ‘Libri appartenuti a Giovanni Alfonso Borelli’, in Filosofia e scienze nella Sicilia dei secoli XVI e XVII, ed. by Corrado Dollo (Catania: Centro Studi per la Storia della Filosofia in Sicilia, 1996), 188–231.

74 Giulia Giannini, ‘The books owned by Giovanni Alfonso Borelli: additions and reflections based on the volumes preserved at the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale in Rome’.

75 See, for example, the case of the heated ring experiment involving Rinaldini, Borelli, and Viviani in the fall of 1657: Giulia Giannini, ‘Capturing, modeling, overseeing, and making credible: the functions of vision and visual material at the Accademia del Cimento’, in Scientific Visual Representations in History, ed. by Matteo Valleriani, Giulia Giannini, and Enrico Giannetto. Forthcoming. (Dordrecht: Springer, 2022).

76 Vera Keller, Knowledge and the Public Interest, 1575–1725 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016).

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by H2020, TACITROOTS, ERC-2018-COG: [grant no Grant agreement No. 818098].

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