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Environmental Sciences

Characterization and Mapping of Patterned Ground in the Saginaw Lowlands, Michigan: Possible Evidence for Late-Wisconsin Permafrost

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Pages 445-466 | Received 01 Oct 2007, Accepted 01 Mar 2008, Published online: 18 Jun 2009
 

Abstract

We identified, mapped, and characterized a widespread area (>1,020 km2) of patterned ground in the Saginaw Lowlands of Michigan, a wet, flat plain composed of waterlain tills, lacustrine deposits, or both. The polygonal patterned ground is interpreted as a possible relict permafrost feature, formed in the Late Wisconsin when this area was proximal to the Laurentide ice sheet. Cold-air drainage off the ice sheet might have pooled in the Saginaw Lowlands, which sloped toward the ice margin, possibly creating widespread but short-lived permafrost on this glacial lake plain. The majority of the polygons occur between the Glacial Lake Warren strandline (∼14.8 cal. ka) and the shoreline of Glacial Lake Elkton (∼14.3 cal. ka), providing a relative age bracket for the patterned ground. Most of the polygons formed in dense, wet, silt loam soils on flat-lying sites and take the form of reticulate nets with polygon long axes of 150 to 160 m and short axes of 60 to 90 m. Interpolygon swales, often shown as dark curvilinears on aerial photographs, are typically slightly lower than are the polygon centers they bound. Some portions of these interpolygon swales are infilled with gravel-free, sandy loam sediments. The subtle morphology and sedimentological characteristics of the patterned ground in the Saginaw Lowlands suggest that thermokarst erosion, rather than ice-wedge replacement, was the dominant geomorphic process associated with the degradation of the Late-Wisconsin permafrost in the study area and, therefore, was primarily responsible for the soil patterns seen there today.

Para este artículo, identificamos, cartografiamos y caracterizamos una vasta área (>1.020 km2) de terreno con superficies reticuladas en las Saginaw Lowlands de Michigan, región de llanuras húmedas, planas, compuestas de tills agradados por las aguas o depósitos lacustres, o ambos. El suelo de patrones poligonales se interpreta quizás como un rasgo relicto del permagel, formado en el Wisconsin Tardío cuando esta área estaba en el borde del casquete de hielo Laurentino. El drenaje de aire helado hacia la periferia del casquete podría haber afectado las Saginaw Lowlands, cuya pendiente se orientaba hacia el borde del hielo, posiblemente creando sobre esta planicie de lago glacial amplias aunque efímeras extensiones de permagel. La mayoría de los polígonos se encuentran entre el límite del Lago Glacial Warren (∼14.8 cal. ka) y la costa del Lago Glacial Elkton (∼14.3 cal. ka), lo cual rinde un intervalo de edades para el terreno poligonal. La mayor parte de los polígonos se formaron en suelos franco limosos, densos y húmedos, en sitios planos, y adoptan la forma de redes reticuladas en las que los ejes mayores de los polígonos tienen entre 150 y 160 m y los ejes cortos de 60 a 90 m. Las depresiones someras que forman los lados de los polígonos, con apariencia de líneas oscuras curvadas en las aerofotografías, son típicamente menos elevadas que el centro de los polígonos que ellas enmarcan. Algunas porciones de estas depresiones interpoligonales están rellenas de sedimentos de limos franco arenosos, sin gravas. La morfología suave y las características sedimentológicas de los terrenos poligonales de las Saginaw Lowlands sugieren que, más que la sustitución del hielo acuñado, la erosión termokárstica fue el proceso geomórfico dominante asociado con la degradación del permagel del Wisconsin Tardío en el área de estudio y, en consecuencia, fue la responsable primaria de los patrones de la superficie del suelo que se observan allí en la actualidad.

Acknowledgments

We thank the Department of Geography at Michigan State University for field and logistical support. Fritz Nelson, Mark Demitroff, and Mike Konen provided very useful discussions about relict periglacial features. Lastly, we acknowledge that we could never have done this work without the help of several cooperative and extremely supportive landowners and their families, who so willingly allowed us to walk through, auger in, and dig up their woodlots and fields: Don Techentien, Paul Mattson, Dale Taylor, Tim Daenzer, Cathleen Nolan, and Jeff Reinbold.

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