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Articles

Oil Prices, Scarcity, and Geographies of War

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Pages 836-844 | Received 01 Aug 2008, Accepted 01 Feb 2009, Published online: 10 Nov 2009
 

Abstract

Many commentators warn that oil scarcity increases the likelihood of war; we question this simplistic concept of scarcity-driven wars. Questioning the relationship between violence, scarcity, and oil begins from reconsidering the causal relationship between high prices and war: Wars can arise in the context of low prices, and the oil-related dimensions of conflicts that occur in the context of high oil prices cannot be solely reduced to struggles over dwindling resources. Based on a succinct review of recent studies, a discussion of major hypotheses, and a brief case study of Sudan, we suggest that scarcity is in part a narrative constructed for and through prices. Power relations resulting in massive financial windfalls mediate this narrative and its selective geographies of war and peace. We outline several hypotheses, and—drawing on critical geopolitics and political ecology—explore avenues for further studies incorporating spatially disaggregated analyses.

Para muchos comentaristas, la escasez de petróleo puede incrementar la probabilidad de guerra; ponemos en duda este concepto simplista de guerras causadas por escasez. Para empezar el cuestionamiento de la relación entre violencia, escasez y petróleo se debe reconsiderar las relación causal entre altos precios y guerra: Las guerras pueden empezar en el contexto de precios bajos, y lo que pueda tener que ver con petróleo en conflictos que ocurren en el contexto de altos precios del crudo no pueden circunscribirse meramente a pugnas sobre recursos limitados. A partir de la sucinta revisión de estudios recientes, una discusión de las principales hipótesis y el breve estudio del caso de Sudán, sugerimos que la escasez es en parte una narrativa construida en función de los propios precios. Las relaciones de poder que resultan en ganancias financieras masivas fuera de orden se interponen entre esta narrativa y sus geografías selectivas de guerra y paz. Bosquejamos varias hipótesis y—apoyándonos en geopolítica crítica y ecología política—exploramos las posibilidades de estudios adicionales que incorporen análisis desagregados espacialmente.

Acknowledgments

Thanks to Halvard Buhaug, Paivi Lujala, Patrick McGowan, and Michael Ross for their databases; to Eric Leinberger for the graphs; and to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council for funding.

Notes

1. Interview with Taban Deng Gai, former governor of Unity Province, 2001.

2. Interview with European oil major company manager, June 2006.

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