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Articles

What Counts as the Politics and Practice of Security, and Where? Devolution and Immigrant Insecurity after 9/11

Pages 904-913 | Received 01 Sep 2008, Accepted 01 Jul 2009, Published online: 10 Nov 2009
 

Abstract

If critical geopolitics seeks to upend practices of statecraft as well as mainstream research about it, then the danger is that it does so in terms of spatial structures of intelligibility provided by the latter. I deal with a particular aspect of this problem: how, despite broadening the security agenda, critical geopolitics has for the most part treated geopolitics and security as synonymous with foreign policy and foreign policy studies. One important consequence, as feminist political geographers argue, is that the state and statecraft are treated as abstract forces that float above the contingencies of everyday lives and spaces. To contribute to rethinking the scales of geopolitics and security, I look at the devolution of immigration enforcement in the United States after 11 September 2001 (hereinafter 9/11). So-called 287(g) and inherent authority—two chief elements of post-9/11 local-scale immigration enforcement—have come together to constitute a microgeopolitics of risk intensification for undocumented immigrants in the United States. 287(g) deputizes nonfederal officers as immigration agents; inherent authority empowers nonfederal police to enforce immigration law without cross-designation.

Si lo que busca la geopolítica crítica es cuestionar las prácticas del manejo del estado lo mismo que la investigación centrada en este tema, queda entonces el peligro de que esto se haga en términos de las estructuras espaciales de inteligibilidad provistas por la investigación misma. Me ocupo de un aspecto muy particular de este problema: cómo, pese a la ampliación de la agenda de seguridad, por lo general la geopolítica crítica considera a la geopolítica y la seguridasd como sinónimos de políticas extranjeras y estudios de política externa. Una consecuencia importante de esto, como arguyen los geógrafos políticos feministas, es considearar al estado y la política como fuerzas abstractas que flotan por encima de las contingencias de vidas y espacios cotidianos. A título de aporte para repensar las escalas de la geopolítica y la seguridad, concentro mi atención sobre la estricta aplicación del control de inmigración de los Estados Unidos, después del 11 de septiembre de 2001 (en lo sucesivo 9/11). La así llamada norma 287(g) y el principio de autoridad inherente—los dos elementos principales que incrementan el rigor de la ley de inmigración a escala local—han llegado a constituirse juntos en una microgeopolítica de intensificación del riesgo para inmigrantes indocumentados de los Estados Unidos. La 287(g) permite habilitar a funcionarios oficiales fuera del sistema federal como agentes de inmigración; la autoridad inherente faculta a la policía local para aplicar la ley de inmigración sin que medie designación expresa.

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Marcus Power for organizing the September 2008 State of Critical Geopolitics conference at Durham University, where this article was test-driven and fine-tuned. Thanks also to Gerry Kearns, Audrey Kobayashi, Mary Thomas, and my reviewers for their productive criticisms and comments. This article is part of a larger project on local immigration enforcement in the U.S. Southeast, funded by the Mershon Center for International Security Studies at The Ohio State University.

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