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Health Care Provision, Access, and Utilization

Spatial Heterogeneity in Cancer Control Planning and Cancer Screening Behavior

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Pages 1113-1124 | Received 01 Nov 2010, Accepted 01 Aug 2011, Published online: 27 Mar 2012
 

Abstract

Each state is autonomous in its comprehensive cancer control (CCC) program, and considerable heterogeneity exists in the program plans, but researchers often focus on the concept of nationally representative data and pool observations across states using regression analysis to come up with average effects when interpreting results. Due to considerable state autonomy and heterogeneity in various dimensions—including culture, politics, historical precedent, regulatory environment, and CCC efforts—it is important to examine states separately and to use geographic analysis to translate findings in place and time. We used 100 percent population data for Medicare-insured persons aged sixty-five or older and examined predictors of breast cancer (BC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) screening from 2001 to 2005. Examining BC and CRC screening behavior separately in each state, we performed 100 multilevel regressions. We summarize the state-specific findings of racial disparities in screening for either cancer in a single bivariate map of the fifty states, producing a separate map for African American and for Hispanic disparities in each state relative to whites. The maps serve to spatially translate the voluminous regression findings regarding statistically significant disparities between whites and minorities in cancer screening within states. Qualitative comparisons can be made of the states’ disparity environments or for a state against a national benchmark using the bivariate maps. We find that African Americans in Michigan and Hispanics in New Jersey are significantly more likely than whites to utilize CRC screening and that Hispanics in six states are significantly and persistently more likely to utilize mammography than whites. We stress the importance of spatial translation research for informing and evaluating CCC activities within states and over time.

Cada estado es autónomo en su programa amplio de control del cáncer (CCC) y existe una considerable heterogeneidad en los planes del programa, pero a menudo en donde los investigadores centran su atención es en el concepto de datos nacionalmente representativos y en el banco de observaciones a través de los estados, usando análisis de regresión para obtener efectos promedio cuando se trate de interpretar resultados. Debido a la considerable autonomía estatal y la heterogeneidad existente en varias dimensiones—incluyendo cultura, política, precedente histórico, ambiente regulador y esfuerzos del CCC—es importante examinar los estados separamente y usar análisis geográfico para traducir los hallazgos en lugar y tiempo. Utilizamos en cien por ciento datos de población referidos a personas aseguradas con Medicare, con edades de 65 años o más, y examinamos los vaticinadores de cáncer del seno (BC) y cáncer colorrectal (CRC) entre 2001 y 2005. Al examinar el comportamiento de las exploraciones de BC y CRC de manera separada para cada estado, efectuamos 100 regresiones de nivel múltiple. Resumimos los hallazgos específicos de disparidades raciales por estado al efectuar los chequeos para cada tipo de cáncer en un mapa bivariado de 50 estados, generando un mapa separado para las disparidades afroamericanas e hispanas en relación con las de los blancos de cada estado. Los mapas sirven para traducir espacialmente los voluminosos hallazgos de regresión considerando las disparidades estadísticamente significativas en los chequeos por cáncer entre las minorías dentro de los estados. Se pueden hacer comparaciones cualitativas de los entornos de disparidad de los estados o por un estado contra el punto de referencia nacional utilizando los mapas bivariados. Encontramos que los afroamericanos en Michigan y los hispanos en Nueva Jersey tienen mayor probabilidad que los blancos de utilizar chequeos para CCR, y que las hispanas en seis estados significativamente tienen más propensión y persistencia en utilizar la mamografía que las blancas. Enfatizamos la importancia de la traducción espacial de la investigación para informar y evaluar las actividades de CCC dentro de los estados y a través del tiempo.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by a National Cancer Institute grant (1R01CA126858) and an American Recovery and Reinvestment Act supplement to it. This article was completed while Tzy-Mey Kuo was at RTI International; she is now at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of RTI International, Arizona State University, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the National Cancer Institute, or the National Institutes of Health.

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