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Environmental Health

The Mutual Conditioning of Humans and Pathogens: Implications for Integrative Geographical Scholarship

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Pages 977-985 | Received 01 Dec 2010, Accepted 01 Sep 2011, Published online: 27 Mar 2012
 

Abstract

We highlight an emerging mode of human–environment enquiry that is executed by cross-disciplinary teams, spurs innovation of hybrid methods, and leads to nonintuitive findings relevant beyond disciplinary framings or specific cases. The extension of this approach in health geography is particularly instructive. By focusing on material objects like soils, insects, or sewage, researchers from diverse epistemologies are compelled to translate conceptual models of disease causation, risk, and vulnerability. Humans and pathogens mutually condition one another, a result of continuously changing exposures (settlement and development patterns that modify pathogen and vector ecology) and institutional processes (legal, economic, and organizational contexts in which environments are modified and agents respond to risk). The dynamic interactions of pathogen ecologies and human institutions produce a type of coevolution, as evidenced by three cases we consider: bacteriological and helminth infections from urban wastewater irrigation, West Nile virus and its mosquito vector in the built environment, and Valley Fever and fungal distribution under changing climate and land disturbance. Place-based, contextual exposure pathways are shown to provide only a partial explanation of disease transmission and must be complemented by insights into individual and organizational agents’ motivations, logics, and responses. The object in its context holds the key to understanding the intersection between physical and environmental, and human and governance geographies. Interactively identifying and pursuing theoretical and applied challenges in this manner allows researchers to move beyond entrenched subdisciplinary understandings to frame new supradisciplinary questions. Key Words: human–pathogen interaction, institutions, mosquitoes, Valley Fever, wastewater.

Destacamos un emergente modo de investigación humano-ambiental que se ejecuta por equipos interdisciplinarios, alienta la innovación de métodos híbridos y conduce a descubrimientos no intuitivos relevantes, más allá de marcos disciplinarios o de casos específicos. La aplicación de este enfoque en geografía de la salud es particularmente instructivo. Al concentrarse en objetos materiales como suelos, insectos, o alcantarillado, los investigadores provenientes de diversas epistemologías son inducidos a traducir los modelos conceptuales de la causación de la enfermedad, riesgo y vulnerabilidad. Los humanos y los patógenos se condicionan mutuamente, resultado que proviene de cambiar continuamente las exposiciones (patrones de poblamiento y desarrollo que modifican la ecología del patógeno y el vector) y de procesos institucionales (contextos legales, económicos y organizacionales en que los entornos ambientales son modificados y los agentes responden al riesgo). Las dinámicas interacciones de ecologías patogénicas e instituciones humanas producen un tipo de co-evolución, como se evidencia en tres casos que nosotros consideramos: infecciones bacteriológicas y de helmintos derivadas de irrigación con aguas residuales urbanas, virus del occidente del Nilo y su mosquito vector en el entorno ambiental construido, y la Fiebre del Valle y la distribución micótica bajo condiciones de cambio climático y perturbaciones de las tierras. Se muestran las rutas de exposiciones contextuales, basadas en lugar, para suministrar solo una explicación parcial de la transmisión de la enfermedad, la cual debe complementarse con el estudio profundo de las motivaciones, lógica y respuesta individual y de los agentes organizacionales. El objeto en su contexto tiene la clave para comprender la intersección entre las geografías física y ambiental, humana y de la gobernaza. De esta manera, identificando interactivamente y persiguiendo retos teóricos y aplicados, los investigadores pueden ir más allá de entendimientos subdisciplinarios arraigados para formular nuevas cuestiones supradisciplinarias.

Acknowledgments

This material is based on work supported by the International Water Management Institute (Agreement 439230), the National Science Foundation (Grant No. 0948334), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science to Achieve Results Program (Grant R8327540).

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