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Methods, Models, and GIS

FUTURES: Multilevel Simulations of Emerging Urban–Rural Landscape Structure Using a Stochastic Patch-Growing Algorithm

, , , , &
Pages 785-807 | Received 01 Jul 2011, Accepted 01 Apr 2012, Published online: 04 Oct 2012
 

Abstract

We present a multilevel modeling framework for simulating the emergence of landscape spatial structure in urbanizing regions using a combination of field-based and object-based representations of land change. The FUTure Urban-Regional Environment Simulation (FUTURES) produces regional projections of landscape patterns using coupled submodels that integrate nonstationary drivers of land change: per capita demand, site suitability, and the spatial structure of conversion events. Patches of land change events are simulated as discrete spatial objects using a stochastic region-growing algorithm that aggregates cell-level transitions based on empirical estimation of parameters that control the size, shape, and dispersion of patch growth. At each time step, newly constructed patches reciprocally influence further growth, which agglomerates over time to produce patterns of urban form and landscape fragmentation. Multilevel structure in each submodel allows drivers of land change to vary in space (e.g., by jurisdiction), rather than assuming spatial stationarity across a heterogeneous region. We applied FUTURES to simulate land development dynamics in the rapidly expanding metropolitan region of Charlotte, North Carolina, between 1996 and 2030, and evaluated spatial variation in model outcomes along an urban–rural continuum, including assessments of cell- and patch-based correctness and error. Simulation experiments reveal that changes in per capita land consumption and parameters controlling the distribution of development affect the emergent spatial structure of forests and farmlands with unique and sometimes counterintuitive outcomes.

我们将运用结合基于场域和基于对象的土地变迁再现, 提出一个模拟都市化区域浮现的地景空间结构的多重层级模式化架构。未来都市 - 区域环境模拟系统 (FUTURES), 透过运用整合土地变迁非固定趋力—人均需求、地点适宜性和变迁事件的空间结构的耦合子模型, 生产地景模式的区域投影。我们运用随机区域成长演算法, 该演算法根据对于控制嵌块体成长的大小、形态与分散参数的经验评估, 聚集网格层级的转变, 将土地变迁事件的嵌块体模拟为分离的空间对象模组。在每个时间步骤中, 新建构的嵌块体将反馈影响未来的成长, 并随着时间凝聚形成都市形态与碎裂的地景。各子模型中的多重层级结构, 容许土地变迁趋力的空间变化 (例如根据管辖区域), 而非假定异质区域中的空间不变性。我们运用 FUTURES 系统, 模拟北加州夏洛特快速扩张的都会区于 1996 年至 2030 年间的土地发展动态, 并随着一处城 - 乡连续带评估模型结果中的空间变异, 包含衡量以网格为基础和以嵌块体为基础的正确与错误。模拟实验揭露了人均土地消费的改变以及控制发展分布的参数, 将影响浮现中的森林与农田空间结构, 并有着特殊且有时是违反直觉的结果。

Utilizando una combinación de representaciones de cambios de la tierra basadas en campo y objeto, presentamos un marco de modelización de nivel múltiple para simular cómo surge la estructura espacial del paisaje en regiones en proceso de urbanización. La Simulación Ambiental Urbano-Regional FUTure (FUTURES) produce proyecciones regionales de patrones paisajistas con el uso de sub-modelos acoplados que integran controles no estacionarios de cambios de la tierra: demanda per cápita, idoneidad del sitio y la estructura espacial de eventos de conversión. Los parches que representan eventos de cambios de la tierra se simulan como objetos espaciales discretos utilizando un algoritmo estocástico de acrecentamiento regional que añade transiciones a nivel de celda con base en estimativos empíricos de los parámetros que controlan el tamaño, forma y dispersión del crecimiento del parche. En cada etapa temporal, los nuevos parches construidos influencian recíprocamente el crecimiento adicional, el cual se aglomera con el tiempo para producir patrones de morfología urbana y fragmentación del aisaje. La estructura de nivel múltiple en cada sub-modelo permite que los determinadores de cambios de la tierra varíen en el espacio (por ejemplo, por jurisdicción), en vez de asumir estacionalidad espacial a través de una región heterogénea. Aplicamos FUTURES para simular la dinámica del desarrollo de la tierra en la región metropolitana de Charlotte, Carolina del Norte, en rápida expansión, entre 1996 y 2030, y evaluamos la variación espacial en los resultados del modelo sobre un continuo urbano-rural, incluyendo las estimaciones de propiedad y error en los contextos de celda y parche. Los experimentos de simulación revelan que los cambios en el consumo de tierra per cápita y los parámetros que controlan la distribución del desarrollo afectan la emergente estructura espacial de bosques y tierras de cultivo, con resultados singulares y a veces contra-intuitivos.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Renaissance Computing Institute (RENCI), the National Science Foundation ULTRA-Ex program (BCS-0949170), and the Open Space Protection Collaborative. Nik J. Cunniffe was supported by the University of Cambridge. We thank K. Singh for providing LiDAR expertise and W. Feng, J. Deng, and A. Barge for assistance with programming. We also thank faculty, staff, and students affiliated with the Center for Applied Geographic Information Science at UNC Charlotte for constructive comments as this article was being developed. University Research Computing at UNC Charlotte and a National Science Foundation XSEDE supercomputing award (TG-SES090019) supported a portion of the computational resources needed to complete this work. We also thank Dr. Mei-Po Kwan and three anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments during revision of this article. Finally, first author Ross K. Meentemeyer acknowledges the equal role Douglas A. Shoemaker played in the conceptualization of FUTURES and writing of this article.

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