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Methods, Models, and GIS

Practicing GIS as Mixed Method: Affordances and Limitations in an Urban Gardening Study

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Pages 510-529 | Received 01 Jun 2012, Accepted 01 Jul 2013, Published online: 29 Apr 2014
 

Abstract

Geographic information systems (GIS) represent more than a tool for spatial data handling. Qualitative and mixed-methods approaches with GIS value the suite of spatial methods and technologies, while typically showing a marked sensitivity toward issues of subjectivity, knowledge production, exclusion, reflexivity, and power relations. Although recent research in the use of qualitative GIS demonstrates the ways in which spatial representations and analyses can be used as part of critical geographic inquiry, there remain significant opportunities to demonstrate and synthesize the particular affordances of these approaches. Alongside broader developments in public scholarship and the digital humanities, mixed-methods research with GIS is coming of age, as technological innovations are easing access to data and access to visualization and analytical tools for some. The implications of these developments at the level of knowledge construction within community-based, critical research have been underexplored, however. What are the specific affordances of mixed-methods research with GIS? How are mixed-methods knowledges made and worked through community engagement? Here, we trace how qualitative GIS methods uniquely enable multiple narratives to change the ways in which GIS is practiced. To illustrate this process, we present findings from the use of qualitative GIS to study urban gardening in a postindustrial, Midwestern city. Key Words: critical GIS, qualitative GIS, urban gardening, urban geography.

关键词

地理信息系统 (GIS) 不仅只是空间数据的处理工具。结合 GIS 的质化与混合方法取径, 重视一套空间方法与技术, 同时特别展现出对主体性、知识生产、排除、反思与权力关係等议题的显着敏感性。儘管晚近使用质化 GIS 的研究, 显示出空间再现与分析方法可用来作为部分批判地理学探问的方式, 但仍有显着的机会来显现并合成这些取径的特殊支援性。随着公共学术与数码人文的广泛发展, 科技创新正逐渐使部分人更容易取得数据及视觉化和分析工具的管道, 结合 GIS 的混合方法研究亦逐渐完善。此般以社群为基础的批判研究中, 知识创建层级的发展意涵却尚未被探索。什麽是结合 GIS 的混合方法研究的特殊支援性? 混合方法的知识, 如何透过社群参与产生并运作? 我们于此追溯质化 GIS 方法如何特殊地促成多元论述, 以改变 GIS 的实践方式。为了描绘此一过程, 我们呈现运用质化 GIS 来研究中西部一座后工业城市中的城市耕作的研究发现。

Palabras clave

Los sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) son algo más que una herramienta para el manejo de datos espaciales. Las aplicaciones de SIG con métodos cualitativos y mixtos valoran la suite de métodos y tecnologías espaciales, al tiempo que muestran típicamente una marcada sensibilidad hacia cuestiones de subjetividad, producción de conocimiento, exclusión, reflexión y relaciones de poder. Si bien la investigación reciente sobre el uso de los SIG cualitativos demuestra las maneras como pueden utilizarse las representaciones y análisis espaciales como parte de la indagación geográfica crítica, todavía hay oportunidades significativas para demostrar y sintetizar la factibilidad particular de estos enfoques. Junto a los más amplios desarrollos en sabiduría pública y las humanidades digitales, la investigación de métodos mixtos con SIG está llegando a ser una realidad, a medida que las innovaciones tecnológicas están facilitando a algunos el acceso a datos y el acceso a herramientas analíticas y de visualización. Las implicaciones de estos desarrollos a nivel de la construcción de conocimiento dentro de la investigación crítica de base comunitaria, sin embargo, han sido poco exploradas. ¿Cuáles son las posibilidades específicas de la investigación a base de métodos mixtos con SIG? ¿Cómo se hacen y se aplican los conocimientos de métodos mixtos a través del compromiso comunitario? En el artículo exploramos la manera como los métodos de los SIG cualitativos singularmente habilita múltiples narrativas para cambiar el modo como los SIG se aplican. Para ilustrar este proceso, presentamos los hallazgos conseguidos con el uso de un SIG cualitativo para estudiar la jardinería urbana en una ciudad posindustrial del Medio Oeste.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to warmly acknowledge the support for this research by the Department of Geography at Ball State University and Jim Connolly of the Center for Middletown Studies. We also thank those who offered useful feedback on this article at various stages: Steven Radil, Chris Airriess, Ryan Cooper, Mei-Po Kwan, and three anonymous reviewers. Finally, we wish to recognize the diligent gardeners of Muncie, Indiana, who inspired the research on which this article is based.

Notes

1Here we reappropriate the term affordance from the field of environmental psychology, described by Kyttä (Citation2004) as perceived “physical opportunities and dangers” at the interface between the individual and the environment, further noting that “[t]he concept has the potential to be extended to comprise even emotional, social, and cultural opportunities that the individual perceives in the environment” (181). In our context, the affordances of the “environment” of a mixed-methods qualitative GIS research regime are perceived by the researcher and others involved in the project.

2With more than 5,000 members, this Facebook group describes itself as “Dedicated to what made Muncie great back in the day!”

3This name is a pseudonym.

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