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People, Place, and Region

Border Crossings: New Geographies of Protection and Production in the Galápagos Islands

, &
Pages 686-701 | Received 01 Dec 2012, Accepted 01 Jul 2013, Published online: 29 Apr 2014
 

Abstract

The Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, have been managed as a fortress of conservation since the late 1950s. Well-maintained borders separate the Galápagos National Park (GNP) and inhabited areas as incommensurable spaces of natural (protected) and human (productive) life. In recent years, ecological, political, and economic crises have challenged this separation and stimulated shifts in the socioecological thought that underlies conservation management. In this article, we draw on the insights of border studies and of studies that recognize the hybrid and collective nature of conservation to trace the discursive and material exchanges that traffic the GNP border. The goal is to resituate the contribution of borders in nature conservation: from borders as technologies that fix space for protection to borders as sites of lively encounters with the potential to transform conservation theory and practice.

位于厄瓜多尔的加拉巴戈 (巨龟) 群岛, 自 1950 年晚期开始, 便被经营成为保育的要塞。维护良好的边界, 将加拉巴戈国家公园 (GNP) 与居住区域隔开, 成为 (保育的) 自然与 (生产的) 人类生活不可兼容的两造空间。近年来, 生态、政治与经济危机, 挑战了此般分隔, 并触发了以保育管理为基础的社会生态思想的转变。我们于本文中, 运用边界研究以及确认保育的混杂与集体本质的研究洞见, 追溯在 GNP 边界往来的论述及物质交换。研究目的在于将边界的贡献重新置放于自然保育之中: 从边界作为修补保育空间的技术, 到边界作为具有改变保育理论及实践潜能的活跃接触场域。

Las Islas Galápagos, en Ecuador, han sido manejadas como una fortaleza de la conservación desde finales de los años 1950. Límites bien mantenidos separan el Parque Nacional Galápagos (PNG) de las áreas habitadas, como espacios inconmensurables de vida natural (protegida) y humana (productiva). En años recientes, las crisis ecológicas, políticas y económicas han puesto a prueba esta separación y estimulado cambios en el pensamiento socioecológico que subraya la administración conservacionista. En este artículo, buscamos apoyo en las perspicacias de los estudios de fronteras, y de estudios que reconocen la naturaleza híbrida y colectiva de la conservación, para trazar los intercambios discursivos y materiales que hacen curso a través del límite PNG. El objetivo es re-situar la contribución que prestan los límites en la conservación de la naturaleza: de los límites como tecnologías que fijan espacio para la protección, hasta límites como sitios de encuentros vitales con el potencial de transformar la teoría y la práctica de la conservación.

Notes

1Our research is an exercise in border work, too: We call attention to some borders; draw the boundaries around what constitutes ambiguities, failures, and new directions in border making in Galápagos; and enhance views that might not be shared by all the people interviewed.

2We conducted two park perimeter walks in 2007, one in 2008, two in 2009, one in 2011, and one in 2012.

3See Lu, Valdivia, and Wolford (Citation2013) for an analysis of park ranger and resident positionalities in Galápagos.

4A cedar forest takes approximately twenty to thirty years to mature and become economically exploitable.

5Despite the view that farmers are passive producers, the ethic of production is strong among some farmers. Farmers over the age of seventy, for example, continue to devise new production strategies, such as water catchment technologies, light mechanization, experimentation with different shade plants, or offering value-added products such as pulp for juices and herbal remedies.

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