848
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Nature and Society

The Molecular Turn in Conservation: Genetics, Pristine Nature, and the Rediscovery of an Extinct Species of Galápagos Giant Tortoise

Pages 87-104 | Received 01 Jul 2013, Accepted 01 Jun 2014, Published online: 04 Nov 2014
 

Abstract

Genetic science is an increasingly common tool in conservation management that is reshaping understandings of biodiversity and how best to “save” it. In the Galápagos Islands, genetic science has led to the rediscovery of a species of giant tortoise that by all accounts went extinct more than 150 years ago. This article uses the story of these tortoises to examine how one area of conservation genetics—reconstructions of evolutionary history, or phylogenetics—is contributing to a shift in the way pristine nature is understood and managed. Drawing on political ecologies and critical geographies of genetics, I trace the story of these tortoises, which are at the center of a conservation breeding and repatriation program aimed to “retortoise” an island with tortoises as genetically close to the original population as possible. I argue that genes are emerging objects of conservation that not only call forth new configurations of knowledge production but also open new possibilities for managing endangered natures. Tortoise “genome geographies” (Fujimura and Rajagopalan 2011; Nash 2013) that trace lineages to particular islands articulate two understandings of pristine nature at stake in ecological restoration: the bounded Cartesian space of islands that has long structured national park conservation and the purity of species lineages, which genetic technologies offer a new means for understanding and manipulating. Analyzing genes as objects of conservation opens a technical–scientific black box to critical analysis, placing new technologies for imagining pristine nature in a history of debate about conservation management.

遗传科学是保育管理中逐渐普及的工具, 并正重新形塑对于生物多样性、以及如何能够最佳地“保存”生物多样性之理解。在加拉巴哥岛上, 遗传科学让一个所有宣称皆认为已于一百五十年前绝迹的物种“巨型陆龟”被再度发现。 本文运用这些陆龟的故事, 检视一个基因保育之地——演化历史、亦或是系统发生学的再建构——如何导致对于原始本质的理解与管理方式的转变。我运用政治生态学和批判遗传地理学,追溯这些陆龟的故事, 而这些陆龟, 正是一个试图以儘可能接近一岛上的原生陆龟物种基因的陆龟“重新復育陆龟岛”之育种保育及遣返计画的核心。我主张,基因是保育工程中浮现的对象, 不仅召唤了知识生产的新组成, 同时也开啓了管理濒临绝种的自然之崭新契机。 追溯谱系至特定岛屿的陆龟之 “基因组地理学” (Fujimura and Rajagopalan 2011; Nash 2013),接合了生态覆育中两个对于濒临危险的原始自然之理解:长期以来建构了国家公园保育的具有边界的笛卡尔式岛屿空间,以及遗传科技提供了新的理解和操作方式的物种谱系之纯粹性。将基因作为保育对象加以分析之,开啓了科技—科学的黑盒子以进行批判分析,并将想像原始自然的新科技,置放于有关保育管理的辩论历史之中。

La ciencia genética es una herramienta cada vez más común en el manejo conservacionista, el cual está reconfigurando los enfoques para entender la biodiversidad y establecer qué sería lo mejor para “salvarla.” En las Islas Galápagos, la ciencia genética ha conducido al re-descubrimiento de una especie de tortuga gigante que según todas las cuentas se extinguió hace más de 150 años. Este artículo utiliza la historia de estas tortugas para examinar cómo un área de genética de la conservación—reconstrucciones de la historia evolucionaria, o filogenética—contribuye a un cambio en el modo de pensar y manejar la naturaleza prístina. Basándome en ecologías políticas y geografías de la genética crítica, trazo la historia de estas tortugas, ubicadas ahora en el centro de un programa de reproducción conservacionista y repatriación dirigido a “re-tortuguizar” una isla con tortugas que sean tan cercanas genéticamente a la población original como sea posible. Arguyo que los genes son objetos emergentes de conservación que no solo claman por nuevas configuraciones de producción de conocimiento sino que abren también nuevas posibilidades para el manejo de naturalezas amenazadas. Las “geografías del genoma” de las tortugas (Fujimura and Rajagopalan 2011; Nash 2013), que trazan los linajes de islas particulares, articulan dos entendimientos de la naturaleza prístina que juegan en la restauración ecológica: el espacio cartesiano delimitado de las islas que desde hace tiempo estructuró la conservación del parque natural, y la pureza de los linajes de las especies, sobre los cuales la tecnología genética proporciona nuevos medios de comprensión y manipulación. Analizar los genes como objetos de conservación abre una caja negra tecno-científica para análisis crítico, colocando las nuevas tecnologías para imaginar la naturaleza prístina dentro de una historia del debate sobre manejo de la conservación.

Acknowledgments

I presented earlier versions of this article at the 2013 Dimensions of Political Ecology conference, the Association of American Geographers annual meeting in Los Angeles, and the Cornell Science Studies Research Group. I am most grateful to insightful audiences in those venues as well as to incisive comments from two anonymous reviewers and Bruce Braun, Ashley Carse, Margaret Wiener, and my Heels writing group. I would also like to thank Amy McCleary for her cartographic expertise and patience.

Funding

This research was supported by the National Science Foundation, Social Science Research Council, American Council of Learned Societies, and the Institute for Study of the Americas at the University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill.

Notes

1 Several of the aliens appeared to be relatively young tortoises—about thirty years old—meaning that it is possible that a pure Floreana parent is still alive on Wolf Volcano, although none have turned up in sample sets (G. Caccone interview 10 April 2012).

2 This is evident in genetic tracings of lineage because the crosses between the Floreana and Wolf Volcano populations are so recent—had both populations been on the volcano for thousands of years, such a large sample would likely have turned up a denser history of interbreeding (G. Caccone, interview 10 April 2012).

Log in via your institution

Log in to Taylor & Francis Online

PDF download + Online access

  • 48 hours access to article PDF & online version
  • Article PDF can be downloaded
  • Article PDF can be printed
USD 53.00 Add to cart

Issue Purchase

  • 30 days online access to complete issue
  • Article PDFs can be downloaded
  • Article PDFs can be printed
USD 312.00 Add to cart

* Local tax will be added as applicable

Related Research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.