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Imagined Futures: Art, Film, Literature

Imaginaries of Hope: The Utopianism of Degrowth

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Pages 360-368 | Published online: 13 Dec 2014
 

Abstract

This article analyzes degrowth, a project of radical socioecological transformation calling for decolonizing the social imaginary from capitalism's pursuit of endless growth. Degrowth is an advanced reincarnation of the radical environmentalism of the 1970s and speaks to pertinent debates within geography. This article benefits from Ursula Le Guin's fantasy world to advance the theory of degrowth and respond to criticisms that degrowth offers an unappealing imaginary, which is retrogressive, Malthusian, and politically simplistic. We argue instead that degrowth is on purpose subversive; it brings the past into the future and into the production of the present; it makes a novel case for limits without denying that scarcity is socially produced; and it embraces conflict as its constitutive element. We discuss the politics of scale of the incipient degrowth movement, which we find theoretically wanting, yet creative in practice.

本文分析“去成长”——一个呼吁对资本主义追求无止尽成长的社会想像进行去殖民的激进社会生态变革计画。去成长是1970年代激进环境主义的进阶式再度化身,并与地理学中的相关辩论进行对话。本文受益于娥苏拉.勒瑰恩(Ursula Le Guin)的梦想世界,藉此推进去成长的理论,并回应有关去成长提供了退化、马尔萨斯主义、且政治上简化而不具吸引力的想像之批评。我们则主张,去成长反而具有颠覆的目的;它将过去带往未来、并进入了当下的生产;它创造了限制的崭新案例,同时承认匮乏是社会生产的;它更欣然接受冲突作为其构成的元素。我们探讨最初的去成长运动的尺度政治,并发现该议题在理论上有所阙如,但在实践上却相当具有创意。

Este artículo analiza el decrecimiento, un proyecto de radical transformación socioecológica que clama por descolonizar el imaginario social del objetivo de crecimiento sin fin del capitalismo. El decrecimiento es una reencarnación avanzada del ambientalismo radical de los años 1970 y busca como interlocutor los debates pertinentes dentro de la geografía. Este artículo se apoya en el mundo fantástico de Ursula Le Guin para plantear la teoría del decrecimiento y responder a críticas de que el decrecimiento ofrece un imaginario poco atractivo, que es regresivo, maltusiano y políticamente simplista. Por el contrario, argüimos que el decrecimiento es deliberadamente subversivo; que lleva el pasado al futuro y a la producción del presente; hace un caso novedoso por los límites sin negar que la escasez es producida socialmente; y que abraza al conflicto como su elemento constitutivo. Discutimos la política de escala del incipiente movimiento del decrecimiento, al que hallamos teóricamente deficiente, aunque creativo en la práctica.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Dídac Costa for his time and insightful comments on the Cooperativa Integral Catalana. Karen Bakker, David Saurí, Ramon Ribera-Fumaz, Louis Lemkow, Kaysara Khatun, and several colleagues from “Research & Degrowth” commented on earlier versions of the article. The ideas on limits and scarcity draw from conversations with Giacomo D’Alisa.

Funding

Giorgos Kallis acknowledges grant 289374 under the EU Marie Curie project ENTITLE (European Network of Political Ecology). Hug March received support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under JCI-2011-10709.

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